chapter 1 Flashcards
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What is microbiology?
The study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea.
What are the vital roles of microorganisms?
- Impact human health
- Food production
- Environmental processes
What invention revolutionized our understanding of microorganisms?
The microscope
Who are credited with producing the first compound microscope?
Zaccharias and Hans Janssen
Who is known as the ‘Father of Microscopy’?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
What significant improvement did Robert Hooke make to microscopy?
He improved the design and capability of the compound light microscope.
What do light microscopes utilize to magnify objects?
Visible light and optical lenses
What is dark-field microscopy used for?
Visualizing unstained specimens, particularly to observe motility.
What does phase-contrast microscopy enhance?
The contrast of transparent specimens.
What technique does fluorescence microscopy employ?
Ultraviolet illumination to visualize fluorescent substances.
What is the purpose of confocal microscopy?
To produce sharp, three-dimensional images of specimens.
What do electron microscopes utilize to create images?
Electron beams
What is the primary use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?
To create two-dimensional images revealing detailed internal structures.
What does scanning electron microscopy (SEM) visualize?
The surface features and topography of objects.
What does scanning probe microscopy (SPM) examine?
Structures at the atomic level.
What is abiogenesis?
The theory that life arises from nonliving matter.
Who conducted an experiment that suggested maggots arise from fly eggs?
Francesco Redi
What was John Needham’s claim regarding broth?
He claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from boiled broth.
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment demonstrate?
Microorganisms do not appear spontaneously when broth is properly boiled and sealed.
What was the conclusion of Louis Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment?
Life originates only from pre-existing life.
Who observed a correlation between cleanliness and childbirth deaths?
Oliver Wendell Holmes
What did Ignaz Semmelweis implement to reduce maternity ward infections?
Chlorine hand-washing protocols.
What are Koch’s postulates?
- The microbe must be present in all infected individuals
- Absent in healthy individuals
- Capable of being cultured in a laboratory
- Able to cause the same disease in a healthy host
What is the origin of microorganisms traced back to?
Early Earth, billions of years ago.
