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chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Matter exists in three primary states: liquid, gaseous, and solid.

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2
Q

Define an element.

A

An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down further by natural forces.

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3
Q

What are the essential elements for life?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
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4
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties.

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5
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

A chemical compound is formed through chemical bonds between atoms, resulting in stable molecules.

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6
Q

What are chemical formulas?

A

Chemical formulas are shorthand expressions that represent chemical compounds using element symbols and subscripts.

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7
Q

What is the atomic nucleus?

A

The atomic nucleus is the central core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

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8
Q

What is the charge of protons?

A

Protons are positively charged particles.

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9
Q

What is the role of neutrons in an atom?

A

Neutrons are particles without an electrical charge, contributing to the atom’s mass.

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10
Q

What are electrons?

A

Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the atomic nucleus.

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11
Q

Define atomic weight.

A

Atomic weight is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus.

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12
Q

What does the atomic number represent?

A

The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.

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13
Q

What are electron orbitals?

A

Electron orbitals are regions of space around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.

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14
Q

How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?

A

The first shell can hold a maximum of two electrons.

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15
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Valence electrons are the electrons located in the outermost electron shell of an atom.

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16
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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17
Q

True or False: Ions are electrically charged atoms or molecules.

A

True.

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18
Q

What is a cation?

A

A cation is a positively charged ion.

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19
Q

What is an anion?

A

An anion is a negatively charged ion.

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20
Q

List some common cations in living organisms.

A
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Potassium (K+)
  • Calcium (Ca2+)
  • Magnesium (Mg2+)
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21
Q

List some common anions in living organisms.

A
  • Chloride (Cl-)
  • Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  • Phosphate (PO4-3)
  • Sulfate (SO42-)
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22
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons.

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23
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A polar covalent bond occurs when atoms share electrons unequally, creating a slight charge difference.

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24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ionic bond involves the transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another.

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25
What are hydrogen bonds?
Hydrogen bonds are weak forces that help molecules stick together.
26
What are Van der Waals forces?
Van der Waals forces are tiny attractions between molecules that occur when electrons create temporary dipoles.
27
What is synthesis in chemical reactions?
Synthesis involves the formation of a larger molecule from smaller ones, often with the removal of water.
28
What is hydrolysis?
Hydrolysis is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, requiring the addition of water.
29
What does the pH scale measure?
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution based on hydrogen ion concentration.
30
What is the pH range for acids?
Acids have a pH < 7.
31
What do buffers do?
Buffers absorb excess hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to resist pH changes in a solution.
32
What are inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds are substances that typically do not contain carbon.
33
What are common examples of inorganic compounds?
* Water * Salts * Acids * Bases
34
Fill in the blank: Acids make water more _______.
[sour]
35
Fill in the blank: Bases make water less _______.
[sour]
36
What is the role of water in living organisms?
Water is essential for all basic functions that keep living things alive.
37
What are the three forms of water?
* Ice * Liquid water * Steam
38
What is the naming convention for salts?
Salts are named starting with the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion, indicating their constituent ions.
39
Why is water essential for life on Earth?
Every living thing on Earth needs water to survive. Water helps all the basic functions that keep living things alive.
40
What are the three forms of water?
Water can change into three different forms based on temperature: *ice when frozen* *liquid water at room temperature* *steam when heated*.
41
What is a characteristic property of water in mixing with other substances?
Water is great at mixing with other substances, which helps cells carry out necessary processes.
42
What special property do water molecules exhibit?
Water molecules stick together in a special way, allowing unique phenomena like droplet formation and heat transfer.
43
What is an isotonic solution?
An isotonic solution has equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.
44
What happens in a hypertonic solution?
In a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink.
45
What occurs in a hypotonic solution?
In a hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell, causing it to swell or burst.
46
What are hydration spheres?
Hydration spheres are formed when ions attract polar water molecules, stabilizing the ions in solution.
47
Define hydrophilic compounds.
Hydrophilic compounds are water-soluble and have an affinity for water, dissolving easily in aqueous solutions.
48
Define hydrophobic compounds.
Hydrophobic compounds are insoluble in water, repelling water and not dissolving in aqueous solutions.
49
What characterizes organic molecules?
Organic molecules are characterized by a carbon (hydrocarbon) backbone, forming chains or rings.
50
What are monomers?
Monomers are the building blocks or unit molecules that serve as the basic components of larger organic molecules.
51
What are polymers?
Polymers consist of numerous monomers linked together, forming long chains or complex structures.
52
What basic elements form carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are formed from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
53
What are simple sugars also known as?
Simple sugars are also known as monosaccharides.
54
Name three examples of monosaccharides.
*Glucose* *Fructose* *Galactose*.
55
What is the energy function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates power our body's daily activities.
56
What are disaccharides?
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together through a covalent bond.
57
What is sucrose?
Sucrose, or table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose.
58
What is lactose composed of?
Lactose consists of glucose and galactose.
59
What is maltose formed from?
Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules.
60
What is the basic structure of polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are multiple monosaccharides linked together.
61
What is the function of starch in plants?
Starch serves as glucose storage in plants.
62
What is glycogen?
Glycogen stores glucose in animal liver and muscles.
63
What are proteins made up of?
Proteins are made up of smaller parts called amino acids.
64
How many types of amino acids are used by our bodies?
Our bodies use 20 different types of amino acids.
65
What are the three main parts of an amino acid?
*Nitrogen-containing part* *Carbon-containing part* *Special side chain*.
66
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The primary structure is the single chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
67
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The secondary structure involves α helix or β sheet formations due to hydrogen bonding.
68
What defines the tertiary structure of a protein?
The tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.
69
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The quaternary structure involves the association of more than one tertiary protein subunit.
70
What are triglycerides composed of?
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains.
71
What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats contain only single bonds, while unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds.
72
Why are triglycerides insoluble in water?
Triglycerides are insoluble in water due to their nonpolar nature.
73
What do phospholipids consist of?
Phospholipids consist of glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.
74
What is the role of phospholipids in cell membranes?
Phospholipids create a biological barrier that regulates the passage of substances in and out of cells.
75
What are anabolic steroids?
Anabolic steroids are synthetic substances related to testosterone that promote muscle growth.
76
What are sex steroids?
Sex steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone, regulate sexual development and reproduction.
77
What is the function of mineralocorticoids?
Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure.
78
What is the role of cholesterol in the body?
Cholesterol serves as the precursor of steroids and vitamin D.
79
What are prostaglandins?
Prostaglandins are local hormones involved in defense mechanisms like blood clotting and inflammation.
80
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are the fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids.
81
What is the primary function of DNA?
DNA stores and maintains genetic information.
82
What is the role of RNA?
RNA directs protein synthesis by translating genetic information from DNA.
83
What is ATP?
ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule.
84
What is complementary base pairing?
Complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonds between bases in a nucleic acid polymer.
85
What components make up nucleotides?
Nucleotides consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
86
What are purines and pyrimidines?
Purines (adenine and guanine) pair with pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).

bio 101 (27 decks)

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