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chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the overall shapes of cocci?

A

Spherical or nearly spherical

Cocci can appear in various arrangements, such as pairs or chains.

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2
Q

What is the shape of bacilli?

A

Rod-shaped

Some bacilli can form endospores and may exhibit a pleomorphic nature.

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3
Q

What are spirals in bacteria?

A

Curved or spiral-shaped organisms

Types include vibrios (curved rods), spirillum (thick spirals), and spirochetes (thin spirals).

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4
Q

Name one example of diplococci.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Diplococci typically appear in pairs.

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5
Q

What are tetrads in bacterial arrangements?

A

Cocci produced by division within two planes

This results in a group of four cocci.

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6
Q

What is binary fission in bacteria?

A

A process resulting in two identical daughter cells

Requires sufficient metabolites and a cascade of regulatory events.

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7
Q

What characterizes the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Bacteria adapt to the medium before cell division

Cells are metabolically active but not yet dividing.

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8
Q

What happens during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

A

Essential nutrients are depleted or metabolic byproducts accumulate

Growth rate levels off as the number of viable cells stabilizes.

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9
Q

How is turbidity measured in microbial growth?

A

Using a spectrophotometer

Turbidity is assessed in optical density units.

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10
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Organisms that acquire energy from light

Examples include photosynthetic bacteria and plants.

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11
Q

Define mesophiles.

A

Organisms with optimal growth between 25ºC and 40ºC

Most bacteria fall into this classification.

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12
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Microbes that require high solute concentration for optimal growth

Examples include certain salt-loving bacteria.

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13
Q

What is the optimal pH range for neutrophils?

A

pH range of 5 to 8

Neutrophils thrive in neutral conditions.

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14
Q

What defines a bacterial species according to Bergey’s Manual?

A

A group of bacteria exhibiting a large number of similar characteristics

This includes phenotypic classifications.

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15
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

A system for naming organisms using two names: genus and species

Example: Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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16
Q

What are spirochetes?

A

A group of helical, motile bacteria

Pathogens include Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease).

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17
Q

What is a characteristic of anaerobic gram-negative rods?

A

Can be straight, curved, or helical

Found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals.

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18
Q

What distinguishes mycoplasmas?

A

They are the smallest free-living bacteria and lack cell walls

This makes them resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

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19
Q

What are endospore-forming gram-positive rods?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium species

Important in medicine and food industries due to their resistance to heat.

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20
Q

What role do lactobacilli play in food production?

A

Convert lactose and other sugars to lactic acid

Commonly used in yogurt and cheese production.

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21
Q

What is the habitat of thermophiles?

A

Hot environments like hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents

They thrive at temperatures of 45ºC or higher.

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22
Q

What are barophiles?

A

Microorganisms that grow best under high hydrostatic pressure

Typically found in the deepest parts of the oceans.

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23
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that lack a distinct nucleus and organelles

They can be individual cells or form colonies.

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24
Q

What is bacterial arrangement?

A

How cells group after division, reflecting growth patterns and interactions

This categorization is based on their style of grouping.

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25
List the shapes of bacteria.
* Spheres (cocci) * Rods (bacilli) * Spirals (spirilla) * Commas (vibrio) * Variable (pleomorphic) ## Footnote Each shape is associated with specific infections.
26
What is the arrangement of Diplococci?
They appear in pairs after cell division ## Footnote Example: Neisseria meningitidis.
27
What do Streptococci resemble?
Bead-like chains, resembling a string of pearls ## Footnote Example: Streptococcus pyogenes.
28
What is a Palisade Arrangement?
Bacilli that divide along the long axis, resembling a picket fence ## Footnote Example: Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
29
What are Vibrios?
Curved or comma-shaped rods ## Footnote Often associated with motility in aquatic environments.
30
What is binary fission?
The primary method of bacterial reproduction resulting in two identical daughter cells ## Footnote Regulated by metabolite availability.
31
What occurs during the lag phase of bacterial growth?
Bacteria adapt to the medium before cell division begins ## Footnote Cells are metabolically active during this phase.
32
Describe the stationary phase in bacterial growth.
Occurs when essential nutrients are depleted or byproducts accumulate, limiting further growth ## Footnote Growth depends on the type of organism.
33
What are photoautotrophs?
Organisms that use sunlight as the energy source and carbon dioxide as their carbon source ## Footnote Examples include photosynthetic bacteria.
34
What is measured by turbidity?
Cell mass, measured in optical density units ## Footnote Greater cell mass results in less light passing through.
35
What are the main factors influencing bacterial growth?
* Nutritional Requirements * Temperature * Osmotic Pressure * Atmospheric Conditions ## Footnote These factors dictate how microbes interact with their surroundings.
36
What are mesophiles?
Bacteria that grow optimally at moderate temperatures, generally between 25º C and 40º C ## Footnote Most bacteria fall into this classification.
37
What are halophiles?
Salt-loving organisms that require high salt concentrations for growth ## Footnote Example: Halobacterium.
38
What defines obligate anaerobes?
Grow only in the absence of oxygen and are inhibited or killed by oxygen ## Footnote They rely on fermentation for energy.
39
What is the optimal pH range for neutrophils?
5 to 8 ## Footnote This range varies for different microbes.
40
What does Bergey's Manual provide?
A comprehensive reference for bacterial classification ## Footnote Our understanding of bacteria exceeds that of archaea.
41
Define a bacterial species.
A group of bacteria that exhibit a large number of similar characteristics ## Footnote These traits reflect genetic relatedness.
42
What is the binomial system of nomenclature?
A classification system that includes Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species ## Footnote Example: Escherichia coli.
43
What are spirochetes?
A group of helical, motile bacteria that use twisting motions for movement ## Footnote Examples of pathogens include Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi.
44
What type of metabolism do facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods use?
Respiratory metabolism, not fermentation ## Footnote This allows efficient energy production.
45
What is E. coli known for?
The 'workhorse' of molecular biology, widely used for research ## Footnote Its genetic simplicity and rapid growth make it ideal for experiments.
46
What is the genetic simplicity and rapid growth of Escherichia coli used for?
Research ## Footnote Escherichia coli is often used in molecular biology and genetics due to its well-characterized genome.
47
Where are anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods typically found?
GI tract of humans and animals ## Footnote They contribute to gut health and disease.
48
What are the possible morphologies of anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods?
Straight, curved, helical, motile, nonmotile ## Footnote This diversity allows for various ecological roles.
49
Name two examples of anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods.
Leptotrichia buccalis, Fusobacterium ## Footnote These species are often found along the gum line and tooth surfaces.
50
What is the natural habitat of anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci?
Mouth, intestines, vagina ## Footnote They play important roles in local body ecosystems.
51
How do anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci typically arrange themselves?
In pairs ## Footnote This arrangement makes them easier to identify and study.
52
What opportunistic infection does Veillonella cause?
Opportunistic infections ## Footnote Particularly in dental patients with compromised immune systems.
53
What type of hosts do Rickettsias require for replication?
Both vertebrate and arthropod hosts ## Footnote They are very small gram-negative bacteria.
54
What notable disease is associated with Rickettsias?
Rocky Mountain spotted fever ## Footnote Specifically caused by R. rickettsii.
55
What is a notable disease caused by Chlamydias?
Urogenital infections ## Footnote C. trachomatis is a common pathogen.
56
What makes Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma unique compared to other bacteria?
Do not have cell walls ## Footnote This characteristic makes them resistant to certain antibiotics.
57
What is the shape of Mycoplasmas?
Pleomorphic ## Footnote They can vary in shape.
58
What are the special growth requirements of Mycoplasmas?
Challenging to culture in the lab ## Footnote Their specific metabolic needs must be met.
59
What types of environments can Gram-Positive Cocci inhabit?
Aerobic and anaerobic ## Footnote These species can utilize both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.
60
List three examples of Gram-Positive Cocci.
* Micrococcus * Staphylococcus * Streptococcus ## Footnote These genera are medically, industrially, and ecologically important.
61
What genera include endospore-forming Gram-Positive Rods?
Bacillus, Clostridium ## Footnote They are key in medicine and food industries.
62
What characteristic of spores complicates sterilization efforts?
Resistant to heat and disinfectants ## Footnote This resilience allows spores to survive harsh conditions.
63
Where are Clostridium perfringens commonly found?
Decaying matter, marine sediment, intestinal tract ## Footnote They are widely distributed in the environment.
64
What is a common cause of food poisoning related to Clostridium?
Clostridium perfringens ## Footnote Spore survival in food processing can lead to contamination.
65
What types of oxygen needs do Bacilli and Clostridia have?
* Bacilli: obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes * Clostridia: mainly obligate anaerobes ## Footnote This allows for diverse metabolic strategies.
66
What is a characteristic of irregular nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods?
Pleomorphic ## Footnote They can vary in morphology to adapt to diverse niches.
67
Name a medically important species of irregular nonsporing Gram-Positive Rods.
Actinomyces ## Footnote It is considered opportunistic.
68
What are the examples of regular nonsporulating Gram-Positive Rods?
* Carnobacterium * Lactobacillus * Listeria ## Footnote These species are involved in various industrial and environmental processes.
69
What do Lactobacilli convert sugars to?
Lactic acid ## Footnote This fermentation is key in food production and preservation.
70
What type of rods are Mycobacteria classified as?
Acid-fast rods ## Footnote They tend to form filaments.
71
What makes Mycobacteria difficult to treat?
Unique cell wall ## Footnote It makes them naturally resistant to many antibiotics.
72
Where are Nocardioforms commonly found?
Widespread in the environment ## Footnote Their presence indicates adaptability.
73
What is a clinical significance of Nocardioforms?
Infection generally rare, typically occurring in immunocompromised individuals ## Footnote Infections can originate in the lungs.
74
What is a critical role of Streptomycetes in the environment?
Decomposition ## Footnote They are essential for breaking down organic matter.
75
What do methanogens produce as a metabolic byproduct?
Methane ## Footnote They play a crucial role in global carbon cycling.
76
What is the primary habitat for methanogens?
Swamps and marshes ## Footnote These environments provide ideal anaerobic conditions for growth.

bio 101 (27 decks)

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