chapter 17 Flashcards by Meghann Showvaker

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system consists of nerves extending throughout the body.

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What protective mechanisms exist for the central nervous system?

Blood-brain barrier, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges

These components help maintain the integrity and functionality of the central nervous system.

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Define encephalitis.

Inflammation of the brain tissue

Can lead to neurological complications if not treated properly.

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What is meningoencephalitis?

Inflammation of both brain and meninges

This condition is more complex as it affects multiple protective layers.

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List common symptoms of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis.

Fever
Headache
Altered mental status

Proper management of symptoms helps reduce complications and promote recovery.

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What is bacterial meningitis?

Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial infection

Rapid diagnosis and treatment are vital to prevent complications.

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What pathogen causes tetanus?

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus affects muscles, causing stiffness and spasms.

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What are the initial symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

Nausea
Vomiting
Fever
Headache
Stiff neck

These are common early indicators of the disease.

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What is the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis?

Neisseria meningitides

This is a gram-negative, aerobic diplococcus.

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How is Haemophilus influenzae meningitis transmitted?

Direct contact with respiratory droplets

This can occur from a carrier or patient.

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What is the treatment for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis?

Intravenous antibiotics

Administered as soon as the disease is suspected.

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What causes Listeria meningitis?

Listeria monocytogenes

This infection is foodborne and targets the elderly and immunocompromised persons.

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What is the main transmission route for poliovirus?

Fecal-oral route

Poor sanitation facilitates the transmission of poliovirus.

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What are the symptoms of rabies?

Early signs: Fever
Headache
Confusion
Drooling
Trouble swallowing
Fear of water

The time between infection and symptoms ranges from 2 weeks to 3 months.

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What is the mortality rate of Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)?

30-50%

EEE is one of the most severe mosquito-borne diseases.

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What are the primary vectors for arboviral encephalitis?

Culex mosquitoes
Aedes mosquitoes
Anopheles mosquitoes

These arthropods transmit the virus to susceptible vertebrate hosts.

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What type of virus causes botulism?

C. botulinum

This bacterium produces a potent neurotoxin.

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What are the types of botulism?

Foodborne
Infant
Wound
Inhalation

Each type has varying modes of transmission and severity.

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What is the treatment for rabies post-exposure?

Wash the wound and administer rabies antibodies plus vaccine shots

Treatment should begin as soon as possible, ideally within 24 hours after exposure.

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Fill in the blank: The primary prevention method for arboviral infections is __________.

Mosquito control measures

This includes elimination of breeding sites and personal protection.

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What is the main vaccine used for routine childhood immunization against poliovirus in the U.S.?

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)

IPV is administered in four doses at specified ages.

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What is trachoma and its causative agent?

A preventable blindness caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

This infection can lead to damage to eyelids and cornea.

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What are the treatments for otitis media and externa?

Pain medication
Antibiotics
Surgery to relieve pressure

Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications.

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What is the main vector for tree-hole mosquitoes?

Aedes triseriatus

Tree-hole mosquitoes primarily interact with small mammals like chipmunks and squirrels.

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Which age group is primarily affected by tree-hole mosquitoes?

Children under 16 ## Footnote Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

What are the potential severe outcomes of tree-hole mosquito infections?

Seizures and paralysis ## Footnote Mortality is less than 1%, but 10-15% of severe cases develop lasting neurological complications.

When is the peak season for tree-hole mosquitoes?

July-September ## Footnote Common in wooded areas of the Midwest and Appalachian regions.

What virus is primarily associated with arboviral encephalitis?

West Nile Virus ## Footnote First identified in Uganda in 1937, it emerged in the United States in 1999.

How is West Nile Virus primarily transmitted?

Culex species mosquitoes ## Footnote Birds serve as the main reservoir hosts.

What percentage of West Nile Virus infections are asymptomatic?

80% ## Footnote About 20% develop West Nile fever.

What are common symptoms of West Nile fever?

Skin rash, headache, fever, body aches ## Footnote Less than 1% progress to severe neuroinvasive disease.

What is the mortality rate among patients with neuroinvasive disease from West Nile Virus?

3-15% ## Footnote No specific antiviral therapy exists; supportive care is essential.

Who is most at risk for fungal infections of the nervous system?

People with weak immune systems ## Footnote Includes individuals with HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or long-term steroid use.

What is cryptococcal meningitis caused by?

Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii ## Footnote Symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck.

How does cryptococcal meningitis spread?

Inhalation of fungus from bird droppings or soil ## Footnote Can travel from the lungs to the brain.

What is the primary host for Toxoplasma gondii?

Cats ## Footnote This parasite forms cysts that can remain dormant in hosts.

How do people typically contract Toxoplasma gondii infections?

Eating undercooked meat, drinking contaminated water, or contact with cat feces ## Footnote Pregnant women can pass it to their babies.

What are the early symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)?

Fever, headache, joint pain, sore at bite site ## Footnote Caused by parasites spread by tsetse flies.

What are the late-stage symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis?

Confusion, sleep problems, nerve damage ## Footnote Without treatment, it can be deadly.

What is the primary vector for American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' Disease)?

Kissing bugs ## Footnote These bugs bite and defecate near the bite site.

What are early signs of Chagas' Disease?

Fever, swelling at the site of infection, swelling around one eye ## Footnote Later signs can include heart damage and enlarged gut.

What type of diseases are prion-associated diseases?

Rare, deadly brain diseases that create holes in brain tissue ## Footnote They are caused by misshapen proteins called prions.

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

A fast-moving brain disease affecting about 1 in 1 million people annually ## Footnote Symptoms include quick mental decline and can lead to death within one year.

What is variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) caused by?

Eating beef infected with mad cow disease ## Footnote It primarily affects younger individuals and lasts longer than CJD.

What is Kuru Disease and how was it spread?

A deadly brain disease common among the Fore tribe in Papua New Guinea, spread through cannibalistic practices ## Footnote Symptoms include shaking, trouble walking, and eventually death.

What animal populations are affected by Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)?

Deer, elk, and moose ## Footnote Symptoms include weight loss and stumbling.

What is Scrapie?

The first identified prion disease affecting sheep and goats ## Footnote Symptoms include intense itching and tremors.

What is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) also known as?

Mad cow disease ## Footnote Linked to variant CJD in humans who consume infected beef.

How can microorganisms gain access to the nervous system?

Microorganisms can gain access through various routes including blood, direct contact, or respiratory droplets.

What are the initial symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

Nausea, vomiting, fever, headache, stiff neck.

What are the potential severe symptoms that can follow bacterial meningitis?

Confusion, sleepiness, light sensitivity, possible progression to convulsion and coma.

What is the main cause of meningococcal meningitis?

Neisseria meningitides.

What type of bacteria causes Haemophilus influenzae meningitis?

Aerobic gram-negative coccobacillus.

What is the treatment approach for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis?

Intravenous antibiotics as soon as the disease is suspected.

What is the causative agent of pneumococcal meningitis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

What type of organism causes listeria meningitis?

Listeria monocytogenes.

What are the symptoms of tetanus?

Prolonged contraction of skeletal muscles, rigidity, convulsive spasms.

What is botulism caused by?

C. botulinum.

What is the primary characteristic of leprosy?

Chronic, slowly progressive infection affecting skin and peripheral nerves.

What is conjunctivitis commonly known as?

Pink eye.

What are the causes of conjunctivitis?

Bacteria, viruses, allergies, chemicals, or a foreign object.

What is the transmission route for poliomyelitis?

Oral-fecal route.

What virus causes rabies?

Rabies virus.

What type of encephalitis is transmitted by mosquitoes?

Arboviral encephalitis.

What is the main symptom of African trypanosomiasis?

Coma.

What are prions?

Infectious particles that abnormally fold and cause neurodegenerative diseases.

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults?

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

What is the mortality rate reduction achieved with antibiotic therapy in meningococcal meningitis?

9% to 12%.

What type of botulism is caused by contaminated food?

Foodborne botulism.

What is the vaccine available for Haemophilus influenzae meningitis?

Yes, a vaccine is available.

What are the symptoms of viral meningitis?

Fever, headache, stiff neck, tiredness, rash, sore throat, vomiting.

What is the treatment for viral meningitis?

No specific treatment; immune system usually resolves the infection.

What is the most common symptom of Chagas' disease?

Granulomas in CNS.

What type of encephalitis has a fatality rate ranging from 3% to 30%?

St. Louis encephalitis.

What is the causative agent of cryptococcosis?

C. neoformans.

What is the treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

Increase effectiveness of the immune system.

What type of prion disease is caused by cannibalism?

Kuru.

What type of bacterial infection can lead to otitis media?

Multiple types of bacteria.

What are the common symptoms of conjunctivitis?

Redness, itchiness, roughness, discharge, tearing.

What are the four types of botulism?

* Foodborne * Infant * Wound * Inhalation

True or False: Most cases of poliomyelitis are asymptomatic.

True.

What is the common method to control the spread of conjunctivitis?

Good hygiene.

What is the common name for the disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii?

Cerebral toxoplasmosis.

What are the symptoms of rabies?

Fatigue, muscle aches, anxiety, irritability, agitation.

What is a common cause of neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

What is the primary vector for arboviral encephalitis?

Mosquitoes.