chapter 10

Question 1

What is the primary action of drugs in pharmacology?

Answer 1

Drugs modulate existing physiological, biochemical, or biological processes within the body.

Question 2

What are the two main branches of pharmacology?

Answer 2

• Pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

Define pharmacodynamics.

Answer 3

Studies how drugs affect the body through biochemical and physiological mechanisms.

Question 4

Define pharmacokinetics.

Answer 4

Examines how the body handles drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Question 5

What does pharmacotherapeutics focus on?

Answer 5

The clinical application of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.

Question 6

What is the difference between nonprescription (OTC) drugs and prescription drugs?

Answer 6

• OTC drugs are available without a prescription and approved for safety and efficacy.
• Prescription drugs require a prescription and are used for more serious conditions.

Question 7

What is a chemical name in drug nomenclature?

Answer 7

An accurate and detailed chemical description of the drug’s molecular structure.

Question 8

What is a generic (nonproprietary) name?

Answer 8

A simpler, officially recognized name for the drug, used in scientific literature.

Question 9

What is the role of the liver in drug metabolism?

Answer 9

The liver converts drugs into more water-soluble forms for elimination.

Question 10

What is biotransformation?

Answer 10

The process of metabolizing drugs to prepare them for elimination.

Question 11

What are the phases of biotransformation?

Answer 11

• Phase I: Involves conversion into more ionized molecules.
• Phase II: Involves synthetic reactions introducing new compounds.

Question 12

What is the therapeutic index (TI)?

Answer 12

A measure of a drug’s safety calculated as the ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the primary organ responsible for drug elimination.

Answer 13

[kidneys]

Question 14

What factors influence drug absorption?

Answer 14

• Surface Area
• Rate of Dissolution
• Lipid Solubility
• Blood Flow

Question 15

What is acute toxicity?

Answer 15

Effects that occur within minutes or hours after exposure to a drug.

Question 16

What is the first-pass effect?

Answer 16

Biotransformation after oral administration but before entering general circulation.

Question 17

What are the key parameters for measuring time response in pharmacology?

Answer 17

• Time of Drug Administration
• Onset of Time Response
• Cessation of Drug Effect
• Peak Effect Time
• Duration of Action Time
• Latency to Effect Time
• Threshold Level

Question 18

What is the role of pharmacy in pharmacology?

Answer 18

Involves preparation, compounding, dispensing, and documentation of medications.

Question 19

What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 19

It poses an obstacle to drug entry into the brain.

Question 20

What are the different routes of drug administration for local action?

Answer 20

• Topical Application
• Mucous Membranes
• Oral Administration
• Inhalation
• Iontophoresis

Question 21

What is subacute toxicity?

Answer 21

Effects that occur after repeated exposures for days to a drug.

Question 22

What are the schedules of controlled substances?

Answer 22

• Schedule I: High abuse potential, no therapeutic use
• Schedule II: High abuse potential, accepted for therapeutic use
• Schedule III: Less potential for abuse, accepted for treatment
• Schedule IV: Lower potential for abuse, reduced dependency
• Schedule V: Lowest potential for abuse or dependency

Question 23

What is chronic toxicity?

Answer 23

Effects that occur over months to years with exposure exceeding elimination.

Question 24

What is the purpose of post-marketing monitoring?

Answer 24

Ongoing safety surveillance after a drug is released for general use.

Question 25

What factors contribute to variability in drug responses?

Answer 25

* Toxic Effects * Liver & Kidney Disease * Starvation * Age * Genetics * Gender Factor * Species Variability * Circadian Rhythms

Question 26

What is Schedule I in the context of controlled substances?

Answer 26

Drugs with high probability of abuse and no therapeutic use ## Footnote Schedule I substances are considered the most dangerous and are not accepted for medical use.

Question 27

What characterizes Schedule II drugs?

Answer 27

Drugs with high probability of abuse but accepted for therapeutic use ## Footnote These drugs are available by prescription but are highly regulated.

Question 28

What is the defining feature of Schedule III drugs?

Answer 28

Drugs with less potential for abuse; therapeutic drugs accepted for treatment in U.S. ## Footnote These drugs have a lower potential for dependency compared to Schedule I and II.

Question 29

What does Schedule IV indicate about a drug?

Answer 29

Drugs in use in U.S. with lower potential for abuse than Schedule III; reduced potential for dependency ## Footnote These drugs are still controlled but are less strictly regulated.

Question 30

What does Schedule V encompass?

Answer 30

Drugs in use in U.S. with lower potential for abuse or dependency than Schedule IV ## Footnote These drugs can often be obtained without a prescription in some states.

Question 31

What is the purpose of scheduling controlled substances?

Answer 31

It reflects their potential for abuse and dependence; dictates regulations governing their manufacture, distribution, and use ## Footnote This classification helps ensure safety in drug use.

Question 32

What are orphan drugs?

Answer 32

Medications developed to treat rare diseases ## Footnote These drugs often have limited commercial viability due to the small number of patients.

Question 33

What is the threshold number of patients for a disease to be considered for orphan drug development?

Answer 33

200,000 or less ## Footnote This small patient population makes it less attractive for pharmaceutical companies without incentives.

Question 34

What is an Investigational New Drug (IND) application?

Answer 34

A submission to the FDA before conducting clinical trials on humans ## Footnote It includes detailed information about the drug, proposed studies, and safety data.

Question 35

What does the FDA review in an IND application?

Answer 35

To ensure the proposed studies are safe and ethical ## Footnote This review is crucial for the protection of trial participants.

Question 36

What are experimental drugs?

Answer 36

Compounds that are still being researched and have not yet been approved by regulatory agencies like the FDA ## Footnote These drugs undergo extensive testing before they can be marketed.

Question 37

What is the first phase in the research of experimental drugs?

Answer 37

Research Phase: Compounds undergo initial laboratory testing to determine potential effectiveness ## Footnote This phase is critical for assessing whether a drug should move to clinical trials.

Question 38

What happens during the Clinical Trials phase?

Answer 38

These drugs are used in clinical trials to evaluate their effectiveness and safety ## Footnote Clinical trials are essential for determining if the drug can be safely marketed.

Question 39

What is the purpose of monitoring in the experimental drug process?

Answer 39

Researchers closely monitor these drugs' performance and side effects ## Footnote This monitoring helps determine the drug's potential benefits and risks.

Question 40

What occurs during the Regulatory Review phase?

Answer 40

Results are submitted to agencies like the FDA for approval consideration ## Footnote This phase determines whether the drug can be made available to the public.