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chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the main structures of the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What is the most common bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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4
Q

What infection often begins in the urethra?

A

Urethritis

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5
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Infection occurring in the urinary bladder, also referred to as bladder infection.

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6
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Also referred to as kidney infection.

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7
Q

What are common symptoms of UTIs?

A
  • Urgency
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency
  • Changes in Urine
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8
Q

What is a common source of infection in catheterized patients?

A

Catheters

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9
Q

What can untreated cystitis lead to?

A

It can spread to the kidneys.

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10
Q

What is the cause of Leptospirosis?

A

Leptospira interrogans, a spiral-shaped bacteria (spirochete).

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11
Q

What are common reservoirs for Leptospira interrogans?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Rats
  • Many wild animals
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12
Q

What is glomerulonephritis also known as?

A

Bright’s disease or glomerular nephritis.

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13
Q

What are common causes of glomerulonephritis?

A
  • Post-streptococcal immune complex disease
  • Viral infections (HBV, HCV)
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Other bacterial infections
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14
Q

What is the risk factor for UTIs associated with diabetes?

A

High glucose levels increase risk.

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15
Q

What is a key prevention strategy for UTIs?

A

Drink plenty of water every day.

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16
Q

What is the typical duration for antibiotic treatment for recurrent UTIs?

A

Longer course of antibiotic treatment.

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17
Q

What type of infections can Polyomaviruses cause?

A

Painful urination and blood in the urine in transplant patients.

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18
Q

What fungi cause most fungal urinary infections?

A

Candida fungi

19
Q

Fill in the blank: Symptoms of urinary infections caused by Trichomonas include _______.

A

discharge and itching in infected women.

20
Q

True or False: Asymptomatic cases of Leptospirosis are uncommon.

21
Q

What is the mortality rate for severe cases of Leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)?

A

Can reach 10-15%

22
Q

What is the procedure for collecting a urine sample for UTI diagnosis?

A

Get a ‘clean catch’ urine sample from the middle of urination.

23
Q

What is the significance of a count of 100,000 or more bacteria per milliliter in urine testing?

A

Indicates infection.

24
Q

What are commonly used antibiotics for UTIs?

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Nitrofurantoin
  • Trimethoprim
  • Sulfamethoxazole
  • Gentamicin
25
What are the symptoms of glomerulonephritis?
* Hematuria * Proteinuria * Edema * Hypertension * Decreased urine output
26
What are the parts of the urinary system that are the sites of the most common urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra ## Footnote These structures are essential in understanding where UTIs can occur.
27
What are the most common microorganisms that cause UTIs?
* E. coli * Chlamydia * Mycoplasma * Trichomonas vaginalis * Enterococci * Candida albicans ## Footnote E. coli is the most prevalent pathogen responsible for UTIs.
28
What are typical symptoms of a UTI?
* Urgency to urinate * Dysuria (burning/painful sensation when urinating) * Frequency of urination, passing only small amounts each time * Blood or pus in urine or cloudy, strong-smelling urine ## Footnote Symptoms can vary but usually include these common signs.
29
What are the three most common types of UTIs?
* Urethritis * Cystitis * Pyelonephritis ## Footnote Each type is defined by the specific location of the infection within the urinary system.
30
What are common risk factors for a UTI?
* Diabetics * Patients with catheters * Infants/children with urinary tract abnormalities * Women * Uncircumcised men ## Footnote Women are the largest group affected due to anatomical proximity of the urethra to the anus.
31
Which patient group has the highest risk for a UTI?
Women ## Footnote The anatomical structure of women makes them more susceptible to UTIs.
32
What is the typical diagnosis process to identify a UTI?
* Gathering a urine sample * Clean catch procedure * Testing antibiotic sensitivity of organisms present ## Footnote The diagnosis is often confirmed through a sensitivity test after growing bacteria on a blood agar plate.
33
What are various methods of treatments for UTIs?
* Increased water intake * Antimicrobial drugs ## Footnote Treatment often includes specific antibiotics once the causative pathogen is identified.
34
What prevention factors can help reduce the risk of UTIs in different demographics?
* Diabetics: Control glucose levels and blood pressure * Catheter patients: Frequent cleaning and timely removal * Infants/children: Early identification and corrective procedures * General: Do not resist urge to urinate, cleanse genital area before intercourse, urinate after intercourse, drink plenty of water ## Footnote Prevention strategies vary by age and health status.
35
What are some major groups of antibiotics specifically used in treating a UTI?
* Amoxicillin * Nitrofurantoin * Trimethoprim * Combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole * Gentamicin * Ciprofloxacin * Cefadroxil * Mecillinam * Fosfomycin * Cephalosporins ## Footnote Antibiotic choice depends on the identified pathogen.
36
What is urethritis?
Infection limited to the urethra ## Footnote It can be caused by various microorganisms including E. coli and Chlamydia.
37
What is cystitis?
Infection occurs in the urinary bladder, also known as bladder infection ## Footnote It is usually caused by E. coli and can lead to more serious infections if untreated.
38
What is pyelonephritis?
Also referred to as kidney infection ## Footnote It can cause extensive and permanent damage, primarily caused by E. coli.
39
What is glomerulonephritis?
Also called Bright’s disease; inflammation and damage to the glomeruli of the kidneys ## Footnote It may follow an oral streptococcal or viral infection and can be fatal.
40
True or False: Most UTIs are caused by viral infections.
False ## Footnote Bacterial infections, primarily by E. coli, are the most common causes of UTIs.
41
Fill in the blank: The protozoan _______ is one of the few parasites that cause UTIs in humans.
Trichomonas vaginalis ## Footnote It is important to recognize the limited number of parasitic infections affecting the urinary system.
42
What are the viral causes of UTIs?
* Polyomaviruses JC and BK * Cytomegalovirus * Adenovirus ## Footnote These viruses are less common causes compared to bacterial infections.
43
What are fungal infections of the urinary tract primarily caused by?
Candida species ## Footnote Fungal infections mainly affect the bladder and kidneys.

bio 101 (27 decks)

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