Chapter Two: The Chemical Basis of Life

Question 1

Organization of the Human Body (6):

Answer 1

Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

Question 2

The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties

Answer 2

Element

Question 3

Common elements in the Human body (9)

Answer 3

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Chlorine

Question 4

Individual units of an element; composed of subatomic particles

Answer 4

Atom

Question 5

Formed by protons and neutrons

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

Most of the VOLUME of an atom is occupied by __________

Answer 6

electrons

Question 7

bonding occurs when outermost electrons from two atoms are either shared or transferred

Answer 7

Intramolecular Bonding

Question 8

What are the two types of Intramolecular Bonding?

Answer 8

Ionic and Covalent

Question 9

Atoms exchange electrons

Answer 9

Ionic Bonding

Question 10

Two or more atoms share electron pairs

Answer 10

Covalent Bonding

Question 11

Two or more atoms held together by bonds

Answer 11

Molecule

Question 12

positively charged ion

Answer 12

Cation

Question 13

negatively charged ion

Answer 13

Anion

Question 14

Electrons are transferred from one atom to the other, creating charged ions

Answer 14

Ionic Bonds

Question 15

atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Answer 15

Covalent Bonds

Question 16

Two atoms share one pair of electrons

Answer 16

single covalent

Question 17

two atoms share four electrons

Answer 17

double covalent

Question 18

electrons are shared equally between atoms

Answer 18

non-polar covalent bonds

Question 19

electrons are not shared equally between atoms

Answer 19

Polar covalent bond

Question 20

forces between molecules

Answer 20

Intermolecular bonding

Question 21

What kind of bonding results from weak electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged parts or molecules, or between ions and molecules
Weaker than forces producing chemical bonding

Answer 21

Intermolecular Bonding

Question 22

Weak attractions between the positively charged Hydrogen of one polar molecule and the negatively charged O, N, or F on another molecule

Answer 22

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 23

ability of one substance to dissolve in another

Answer 23

Solubility

Question 24

the substance being dissolved

Answer 24

Solute

Question 25

A substance capable of dissolving another substance

Answer 25

Solvent

Question 26

The dissolved combination of a solute and solvent

Answer 26

Solution

Question 27

Solutions made by the dissociation of cations and anions in water which can conduct electrical currents

Answer 27

Electrolytes

Question 28

a substance that releases Hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution

Answer 28

Acid

Question 29

a substance that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in a solution

Answer 29

Base

Question 30

a substance that resists change in pH by binding or releasing H+ ions

Answer 30

Buffer

Question 31

refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Answer 31

pH

Question 32

pH of 7 - equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Answer 32

Neutral pH

Question 33

greater concentration of hydrogen ions

Answer 33

Acidic pH

Question 34

greater concentration of hydroxide ions

Answer 34

Alkaline or Basic pH

Question 35

pH of blood

Answer 35

7.4

Question 36

collective terms that describes the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

Answer 36

Metabolism

Question 37

a reaction that builds a larger product from smaller reactants

Answer 37

Anabolic (synthesis) reactions

Question 38

Why are Anabolic Reactions important?

Answer 38

because they are responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair

Question 39

a reaction that breaks a larger reactant into smaller products

Answer 39

Catabolic (decomposition) Reactions

Question 40

requires energy - energy is stored in newly formed chemical bonds (what type of reaction?)

Answer 40

Anabolic Reaction

Question 41

Bonds are broken - released energy stored in chemical bonds (what kind of reaction?)

Answer 41

Catabolic Reaction

Question 42

Molecules of life (4)

Answer 42

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Question 43

What are the two subunits of a carbohydrate?

Answer 43

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Question 44

individual sugar molecules

Answer 44

Monosaccharides

Question 45

chains of monosaccharides that serve as energy storage

Answer 45

Polysaccharides

Question 46

What are the three subunits of lipids?

Answer 46

Phospholipids Triglycerides Steroids

Question 47

make up cell membranes

Answer 47

phospholipids

Question 48

energy storage and protection

Answer 48

triglycerides

Question 49

found in cell membranes, form cholesterol, steroid hormones, and other molecules

Answer 49

Steroids

Question 50

composed of amino acid subunits sequence of amino acid dictates the final folded shape of this unit (molecule of life)

Answer 50

Proteins

Question 51

composed of nucleotide subunits

Answer 51

Nucleotide subunits

Question 52

What are the two subunits of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 52

DNA and RNA

Question 53

functions to store genetic information

Answer 53

DNA

Question 54

involved in transcription of DNA to produce proteins

Answer 54

RNA