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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Two: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter Two: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the Human Body (6):

A

Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

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2
Q

The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties

A

Element

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3
Q

Common elements in the Human body (9)

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Chlorine

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4
Q

Individual units of an element; composed of subatomic particles

A

Atom

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5
Q

Formed by protons and neutrons

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Most of the VOLUME of an atom is occupied by __________

A

electrons

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7
Q

bonding occurs when outermost electrons from two atoms are either shared or transferred

A

Intramolecular Bonding

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8
Q

What are the two types of Intramolecular Bonding?

A

Ionic and Covalent

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9
Q

Atoms exchange electrons

A

Ionic Bonding

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10
Q

Two or more atoms share electron pairs

A

Covalent Bonding

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11
Q

Two or more atoms held together by bonds

A

Molecule

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12
Q

positively charged ion

A

Cation

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13
Q

negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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14
Q

Electrons are transferred from one atom to the other, creating charged ions

A

Ionic Bonds

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15
Q

atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent Bonds

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16
Q

Two atoms share one pair of electrons

A

single covalent

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17
Q

two atoms share four electrons

A

double covalent

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18
Q

electrons are shared equally between atoms

A

non-polar covalent bonds

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19
Q

electrons are not shared equally between atoms

A

Polar covalent bond

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20
Q

forces between molecules

A

Intermolecular bonding

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21
Q

What kind of bonding results from weak electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged parts or molecules, or between ions and molecules
Weaker than forces producing chemical bonding

A

Intermolecular Bonding

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22
Q

Weak attractions between the positively charged Hydrogen of one polar molecule and the negatively charged O, N, or F on another molecule

A

Hydrogen Bonds

23
Q

ability of one substance to dissolve in another

A

Solubility

24
Q

the substance being dissolved

A

Solute

25
Q

A substance capable of dissolving another substance

A

Solvent

26
Q

The dissolved combination of a solute and solvent

A

Solution

27
Q

Solutions made by the dissociation of cations and anions in water which can conduct electrical currents

A

Electrolytes

28
Q

a substance that releases Hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution

A

Acid

29
Q

a substance that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in a solution

A

Base

30
Q

a substance that resists change in pH by binding or releasing H+ ions

A

Buffer

31
Q

refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

A

pH

32
Q

pH of 7 - equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions

A

Neutral pH

33
Q

greater concentration of hydrogen ions

A

Acidic pH

34
Q

greater concentration of hydroxide ions

A

Alkaline or Basic pH

35
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

36
Q

collective terms that describes the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

A

Metabolism

37
Q

a reaction that builds a larger product from smaller reactants

A

Anabolic (synthesis) reactions

38
Q

Why are Anabolic Reactions important?

A

because they are responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair

39
Q

a reaction that breaks a larger reactant into smaller products

A

Catabolic (decomposition) Reactions

40
Q

requires energy - energy is stored in newly formed chemical bonds
(what type of reaction?)

A

Anabolic Reaction

41
Q

Bonds are broken - released energy stored in chemical bonds
(what kind of reaction?)

A

Catabolic Reaction

42
Q

Molecules of life (4)

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

43
Q

What are the two subunits of a carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides

44
Q

individual sugar molecules

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

chains of monosaccharides that serve as energy storage

A

Polysaccharides

46
Q

What are the three subunits of lipids?

A

Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Steroids

47
Q

make up cell membranes

A

phospholipids

48
Q

energy storage and protection

A

triglycerides

49
Q

found in cell membranes, form cholesterol, steroid hormones, and other molecules

A

Steroids

50
Q

composed of amino acid subunits
sequence of amino acid dictates the final folded shape of this unit (molecule of life)

A

Proteins

51
Q

composed of nucleotide subunits

A

Nucleotide subunits

52
Q

What are the two subunits of Nucleic Acids?

A

DNA and RNA

53
Q

functions to store genetic information

A

DNA

54
Q

involved in transcription of DNA to produce proteins

A

RNA

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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