Chapter One: The Human Organism Flashcards
Define anatomy:
The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure - for example, the shape and size of bones
Define Developmental Anatomy:
Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
Define Embryology:
A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
Define Cytology
Examines the structural features of cells
Define Histology:
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them
Define Gross Anatomy:
The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally
Define System:
Group of structures that have one or more common functions such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or the muscular system
Define Surface Anatomy:
Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body - for example; ribs and sternum
What is Anatomical Imaging?
Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
Define Physiology:
Scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things (examining the body’s response to stimuli and the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment
Define Cell Physiology:
processes occurring in cells
EX: energy production from food
What is Systemic Physiology?
Examines and considers the functions of organ systems
Define Pathology:
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from the disease
What is Exercise Physiology?
Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise
Define Differentiation:
Changes in a cell’s structure throughout development
Define Morphogenesis:
The change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism (a part of development)
Anatomy Characteristics of Life (6)
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Development
- Reproduction
What is an X-ray?
Shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph. These radiographs create a flat, two-dimensional (2D) image
What is an Ultrasound?
Uses high-frequency sound waves, which strikes internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin
What is a Computer Tomography (CT) Scan?
Computer-analyzed x-ray images
1. some computers are able to take several scans and stack them to make a 3D image
2. 3D X-ray
What is a Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)?
A radiopaque dye is injected into the blood
What is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
Directs radio waves at a person laying inside a large electromagnetic field
What is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan?
Identifies the metabolic states of various tissues by having radiation pinpoint cells that are metabolically active (very typical for the brain)
Anatomy Levels of Organization (6)
- Chemical Level
- Cell Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
Define Homeostasis:
The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
What is Positive Feedback?
When a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater
EX: Blood Clotting
What is Negative Feedback
When any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
What does a Receptor do in a Feedback Loop?
Monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli
What does a Control Center do in a Feedback Loop? What is an example?
Determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
EX: Brain
What does an Effector do in a Feedback Loop?
adjusts the value of a changed variable (changed variable = stimulus)
Supine
Lying face upward
Prone
Lying face downward
Cephalic
Closer to the head
Caudal
Closer to the tail
Ventral
Toward the belly
Dorsal
Toward the back
Anterior
Front of the body
Posterior
Back of the body
Dorsal Body Cavity
Encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain, and the spinal cord
- Cranial Cavity (Brain)
- Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cord)
Ventral Body Cavity
Houses most internal organs
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
More superior to the abdominopelvic cavity
Lateral Pleural Cavities enclose lungs and is surrounded by the ribs
Medial Mediastinum houses the heart, major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus
What is in the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
Organs in this cavity in the Peritoneal Cavity
Super Abdominal Cavity
Inferior Pelvic Cavity - Bladder, Urethra, Rectum of Large Intestine, and Reproductive Organs
What are Serous Membranes?
The membranes that are in contact with the walls of the body cavity and surface of internal organs (double layered)
Parietal Serous Membranes
The layer that lines the walls of cavities
Visceral Serous Membrane
Layer covering internal organs
Pericardial Cavity
Space between Parietal and Visceral Membranes
Holds Heart and Lungs
Pleural Fluid
Fills the Pericardial Cavity
Peritoneal Cavity
Houses many internal organs, such as the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs
Retroperitoneal
Situated or occurring behind the peritoneum
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the Pericardium
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura (withholds the lungs and thorax)
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the Peritoneum (lining the cavity of the abdomen)
What does the Central Region of the body consist of? (3)
Head
Neck
Trunk
What are the three parts of the trunk?
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Thorax (2)
Heart
Lungs
Abdomen (3)
Liver
Stomach
Intestines
Pelvis (2)
Bladder
Reproductive Organs
Quadrants of the Abdomen
- Right-upper quadrant
- Left-upper quadrant
- Right-lower quadrant
- Left-lower quadrant
Shoulder -> Elbow
Arm
Elbow -> Wrist
Forearm
Hip -> Knee
Thigh
Knee -> Ankle
Leg
Sagittal Plane
Separates into right and left
Median Plane
Same as sagittal but directly on the midline
Transverse Plane
Runs parallel to the ground (horizontal)
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves
Longitudinal Section
A cut through the length of the organ
Transverse (cross) Section
A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ
Oblique Section
A cut made across the organ at a slant
Abdomen’s Nine Regions (Left to Right)
- Right Hypochondriac Region
- Epigastric Region
- Left Hypochondriac Region
- Right Lumbar Region
- Umbilical Region
- Left Lumbar Region
- Right Iliac Region
- Hypogastric Region
- Left Iliac Region
What is a variable? Example?
Changes in internal body conditions
EX: Body Temperature, Volume, Chemical Content, pH
What System?
Integumentary System
What System?
Muscular System
What System?
Skeletal System
What System?
Cardiovascular System
What System?
Nervous System
What System?
Respiratory System
What System?
Digestive System
What System?
Urinary System
What System?
Reproductive System
What System?
Endocrine System
What System?
Lymphatic (Immune) System
