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Anatomy 213 > Chapter One: The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter One: The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy:

A

The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure - for example, the shape and size of bones

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2
Q

Define Developmental Anatomy:

A

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood

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3
Q

Define Embryology:

A

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development

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4
Q

Define Cytology

A

Examines the structural features of cells

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5
Q

Define Histology:

A

Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

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6
Q

Define Gross Anatomy:

A

The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached either systemically or regionally

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7
Q

Define System:

A

Group of structures that have one or more common functions such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or the muscular system

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8
Q

Define Surface Anatomy:

A

Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body - for example; ribs and sternum

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9
Q

What is Anatomical Imaging?

A

Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

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10
Q

Define Physiology:

A

Scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things (examining the body’s response to stimuli and the body’s maintenance of stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment

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11
Q

Define Cell Physiology:

A

processes occurring in cells
EX: energy production from food

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12
Q

What is Systemic Physiology?

A

Examines and considers the functions of organ systems

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13
Q

Define Pathology:

A

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from the disease

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14
Q

What is Exercise Physiology?

A

Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise

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15
Q

Define Differentiation:

A

Changes in a cell’s structure throughout development

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16
Q

Define Morphogenesis:

A

The change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism (a part of development)

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17
Q

Anatomy Characteristics of Life (6)

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Growth
  5. Development
  6. Reproduction
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18
Q

What is an X-ray?

A

Shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph. These radiographs create a flat, two-dimensional (2D) image

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19
Q

What is an Ultrasound?

A

Uses high-frequency sound waves, which strikes internal organs and bounce back to the receiver on the skin

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20
Q

What is a Computer Tomography (CT) Scan?

A

Computer-analyzed x-ray images
1. some computers are able to take several scans and stack them to make a 3D image
2. 3D X-ray

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21
Q

What is a Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)?

A

A radiopaque dye is injected into the blood

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22
Q

What is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

A

Directs radio waves at a person laying inside a large electromagnetic field

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23
Q

What is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan?

A

Identifies the metabolic states of various tissues by having radiation pinpoint cells that are metabolically active (very typical for the brain)

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24
Q

Anatomy Levels of Organization (6)

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cell Level
  3. Tissue Level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ System Level
  6. Organism Level
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25
Q

Define Homeostasis:

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

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26
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

When a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater
EX: Blood Clotting

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27
Q

What is Negative Feedback

A

When any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

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28
Q

What does a Receptor do in a Feedback Loop?

A

Monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli

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29
Q

What does a Control Center do in a Feedback Loop? What is an example?

A

Determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
EX: Brain

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30
Q

What does an Effector do in a Feedback Loop?

A

adjusts the value of a changed variable (changed variable = stimulus)

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31
Q

Supine

A

Lying face upward

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32
Q

Prone

A

Lying face downward

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33
Q

Cephalic

A

Closer to the head

34
Q

Caudal

A

Closer to the tail

35
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly

36
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

37
Q

Anterior

A

Front of the body

38
Q

Posterior

A

Back of the body

39
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

Encloses the organs of the nervous system, the brain, and the spinal cord
- Cranial Cavity (Brain)
- Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cord)

40
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Houses most internal organs
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity

41
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

More superior to the abdominopelvic cavity
Lateral Pleural Cavities enclose lungs and is surrounded by the ribs
Medial Mediastinum houses the heart, major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, and esophagus

42
Q

What is in the Abdominopelvic Cavity?

A

Organs in this cavity in the Peritoneal Cavity
Super Abdominal Cavity
Inferior Pelvic Cavity - Bladder, Urethra, Rectum of Large Intestine, and Reproductive Organs

43
Q

What are Serous Membranes?

A

The membranes that are in contact with the walls of the body cavity and surface of internal organs (double layered)

44
Q

Parietal Serous Membranes

A

The layer that lines the walls of cavities

45
Q

Visceral Serous Membrane

A

Layer covering internal organs

46
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Space between Parietal and Visceral Membranes
Holds Heart and Lungs

47
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

Fills the Pericardial Cavity

48
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Houses many internal organs, such as the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive organs

49
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Situated or occurring behind the peritoneum

50
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the Pericardium

51
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura (withholds the lungs and thorax)

52
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the Peritoneum (lining the cavity of the abdomen)

53
Q

What does the Central Region of the body consist of? (3)

A

Head
Neck
Trunk

54
Q

What are the three parts of the trunk?

A

Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis

55
Q

Thorax (2)

A

Heart
Lungs

56
Q

Abdomen (3)

A

Liver
Stomach
Intestines

57
Q

Pelvis (2)

A

Bladder
Reproductive Organs

58
Q

Quadrants of the Abdomen

A
  1. Right-upper quadrant
  2. Left-upper quadrant
  3. Right-lower quadrant
  4. Left-lower quadrant
59
Q

Shoulder -> Elbow

A

Arm

60
Q

Elbow -> Wrist

A

Forearm

61
Q

Hip -> Knee

A

Thigh

62
Q

Knee -> Ankle

A

Leg

63
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Separates into right and left

64
Q

Median Plane

A

Same as sagittal but directly on the midline

65
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Runs parallel to the ground (horizontal)

66
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

67
Q

Longitudinal Section

A

A cut through the length of the organ

68
Q

Transverse (cross) Section

A

A cut at a right angle to the length of an organ

69
Q

Oblique Section

A

A cut made across the organ at a slant

70
Q

Abdomen’s Nine Regions (Left to Right)

A
  1. Right Hypochondriac Region
  2. Epigastric Region
  3. Left Hypochondriac Region
  4. Right Lumbar Region
  5. Umbilical Region
  6. Left Lumbar Region
  7. Right Iliac Region
  8. Hypogastric Region
  9. Left Iliac Region
71
Q

What is a variable? Example?

A

Changes in internal body conditions
EX: Body Temperature, Volume, Chemical Content, pH

72
Q

What System?

A

Integumentary System

73
Q

What System?

A

Muscular System

74
Q

What System?

A

Skeletal System

75
Q

What System?

A

Cardiovascular System

76
Q

What System?

A

Nervous System

77
Q

What System?

A

Respiratory System

78
Q

What System?

A

Digestive System

79
Q

What System?

A

Urinary System

80
Q

What System?

A

Reproductive System

81
Q

What System?

A

Endocrine System

82
Q

What System?

A

Lymphatic (Immune) System

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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