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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Six: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter Six: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the Skeletal System?

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Tendons and Ligaments
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2
Q

What are the three types of Cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
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3
Q

What are the five functions of the Skeletal System

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage
  5. Blood Cell Production
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4
Q

What two things does the Skeletal System store?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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5
Q

Where does blood cell production take place in the Skeletal System?

A

Red Bone marrow

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6
Q

What are the two specialized cells that produce matrix in the Skeletal System?

A

Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

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7
Q

What specialized cell forms the matrix?

A

Chondroblasts

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8
Q

What specialized cell is surrounded by matrix and is located in the lacunae?

A

Chondrocytes

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9
Q

What is made of collagen fibers for strength and proteoglycans for resiliency in cartilage?

A

Matrix

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10
Q

What is the double-layered connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage except at articulations?

A

Perichondrium

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11
Q

What are the two types of Perichondrium?

A

Inner and Outer

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12
Q

What kind of Perichondrium is more delicate, has fewer fibers, and contains chondroblasts?

A

Inner Perichondrium

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13
Q

What kind of Perichondrium has dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts; penetrated by blood vessels and nerves?

A

Outer Perichondrium

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14
Q

What covers bones at joints; has no perichondrium, blood vessels, or nerves that is located in Cartilage?

A

Articulate Cartilage

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15
Q

What are the two types of Cartilage Growth?

A

Appositional and Interstitial

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16
Q

What type of cartilage growth: new chondrocytes and new matrix laid down at the periphery?

A

Appositional

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17
Q

What type of cartilage growth: chondrocytes within the tissue divide and add more matrix between cells?

A

Interstitial

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18
Q

The bone matrix is like reinforced….

A

concrete

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19
Q

The bone matrix is like steel reinforcing “rods” are collagen fibers, “cement” is…

A

Hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

What are the two organic components of the bone matrix?

A

Collagen and Proteoglycans

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21
Q

What is the inorganic component of the bone matrix and what kind of crystals?

A

Hydroxyapatite (CaPO4 crystals)

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22
Q

In Osteogenesis Imperfecta, the mildest types have a deficiency of…

A

Collagen

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23
Q

In Osteogenesis Imperfecta, the more severe types have production of…

A

Defective Collagen

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24
Q

In Osteogenesis Imperfecta, the most severe types have both…

A

defective collagen and are collagen deficient

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25
Q

Stem cells that develop into either chondroblasts or osteoblasts that are located in the periosteum

A

Osteochondral Progenitor Cells

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26
Q

What type of bone cell?
- formation of bone through ossification/osteogenesis
- collagen produced/processed by E.R. and Golgi, released by Exocytosis
- Matrix vesicles contain Ca2+ and PO43-
- Ossification forms bone by these bone cells

A

Osteoblasts

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27
Q

Matrix vesicles contain…

A

Ca2+ and PO43-

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28
Q

In Matrix Vesicles, hydroxyapatite crystals form, then are released by…

A

Exocytosis

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29
Q

Formation of bone by osteoblasts

A

Ossification

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30
Q

Osteoclasts are surrounded by the…

A

Matrix

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31
Q

What are the spaces occupied by osteocyte cell body?

A

Lacunae

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32
Q

What are the canals occupied by osteocyte cell processes which connect to other osteocytes

A

Canaliculi

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33
Q

Osteocytes: nutrients diffuse through tiny amount of liquid surrounding cell and filling __________ and __________

A

Lacunae and Canaliculi

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34
Q

Osteocytes can communicate and transfer nutrients from one cell to the next through…

A

Gap Junctions

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35
Q

Multi-nucleated and probably arise from fusion of multiple cells; involved in resorption of bone

A

Osteoclasts

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36
Q

Breakdown of bone into constituent parts

A

Resorption

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37
Q

Site at which cell membrane borders bone and resorption takes place

A

Ruffled Border

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38
Q

Osteoclast: H+ ions pumped across membrane, acidic environment causes _________________ of bone

A

Decalcification

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39
Q

Osteoclast: release enzymes that digest the __________ ___________ of bone

A

protein component

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40
Q

What type of bone?
- collagen fibers randomly oriented
- laid down during fetal development and during fracture repair

A

Woven Bone

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41
Q

What is the term associated with…
- removing old bone and adding new
- woven bone is ______ into lamellar bone
- changes bone structure to accommodate changes in mechanical stress

A

Remodeling

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42
Q

What type of bone?
- mature bone in sheets called lamellae
- within a layer, fibers are oriented in one direction
- fibers in one layer are usually oriented at a right angle to fibers in other layers - provides strength

A

Lamellar Bone

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43
Q

What part of Spongy Bone?
Interconnecting rods or plates of bone
- spaces filled with marrow
- oriented along stress lines
- consist of lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae
- blood vessels do not penetrate ______

A

Trabeculae

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44
Q

What part of Compact Bone: central canal, associated concentric lamellae and osteocytes?

A

Osteon

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45
Q

What part of Compact Bone: parallel to long axis?

A

Central Canals

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46
Q

What part of Compact Bone: cocentric, circumferential, interstitial?

A

Lamellae

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47
Q

What part of Compact Bone: perpendicular to length of bone?

A

Perforating Canal

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48
Q

What part of Compact Bone?
- blood vessel-filled central canal
- concentric lamellae of bone surrounded central canal
- lacunae and canaliculi contain osteocytes and fluid

A

Osteons

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49
Q

Circumferential Lamellae is on the ______________ of a bone

A

periphery

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50
Q

Interstitial lamellae is between….

A

Osteons

51
Q

Remnants of Osteons are replaced through…

A

remodeling

52
Q

Blood vessels from periosteum penetrate bone and connect vessels of the central canal

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals

53
Q

Nutrients and wastes travel to and from osteocytes via ____________ _________ of lacunae and canaliculi

A

Interstitial Fluid

54
Q

Nutrients and wastes travel from osteocyte to osteocyte by…

A

Gap Junctions

55
Q

Examples of Long Bones are…

A

Upper and Lower limbs

56
Q

Examples of Short Bones are…

A

Carpals and Tarsals

57
Q

Examples of Flat Bones are…

A

Ribs, Sternum, Skull, and Scapulae

58
Q

Examples of Irregular Bone…

A

Vertebrae and Facial

59
Q

What type of bone?
- no diaphyses
- sandwich of spongy between compact bone

A

Flat Bone

60
Q

What two types of bone?
- no diaphyses and not elongated
- compact bone that surrounds spongy bone center

A

Short and Irregular Bone

61
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- shaft
- compact bone

A

Diaphysis

62
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- end of the bone
- primarily spongy bone

A

Epiphysis

63
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- growth plate
- composed of hyaline cartilage; present until growth stops

A

Epiphyseal Plate

64
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- ossified remnant of epiphyseal plate
- no further lengthwise growth occurs at this point

A

Epiphyseal Line

65
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- hollow center of diaphysis of long bones
- contains bone marrow

A

Medullary Cavity

66
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- lines all internal spaces including spaces in spongy bone

A

Endosteum

67
Q

What structure of Long Bone?
- outer layer is fibrous
- inner layer is single layer of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteochondral progenitor cells
- fibers of tendon are continuous with fibers of periosteum

A

Periosteum

68
Q

What type of ossification takes place in connective tissue membrane?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

69
Q

What type of ossification forms from a pre-existing cartilage model?

A

Endochondral Ossification

70
Q

Both Intramembranous and Endochondral ossification produce _________ bone that is then remodeled

A

Woven

71
Q

After remodeling takes place, one cannot tell by what type of ________________ it formed

A

ossification

72
Q

Intramembranous Ossification begins at the _________ week of embryonic development and ends around _______ years of age

A

Eighth
Two

73
Q

Intramembranous Ossification takes place in _____________ ____________ ____________ formed from embryonic mesenchyme

A

Connective Tissue Membrane

74
Q

Intramembranous Ossification forms what 4 things?

A
  1. Skull Bones
  2. Parts of Mandible
  3. Diaphyses
  4. Clavicles
75
Q

locations in membrane where ossification begins

A

Centers of Ossification

76
Q

Large membrane-covered spaces between developing skull bones; unossified

A

Fontanels

77
Q

Most bones develop via…

A

Endochondral Ossification

78
Q

Endochondral Ossification involves the formation of a ___________ _________ which is then gradually replaced with bone over time

A

Cartilage Model

79
Q

Cartilage formation begins at the end of the _________ week of development

A

Fourth

80
Q

Some ossification begins at about week eight; some does not begin until ____ - ____ years of age

A

18-20

81
Q

Growth in length of the bone occurs at the….

A

Epiphyseal Plate

82
Q

What does Interstitial Growth have to do with the formation of new cartilage?

A

Interstitial grows cartilage

83
Q

Where does Appositional Growth form new cartilage?

A

On the surface of cartilage

84
Q

Between what ages does the Epiphyseal Plate ossify?

A

12-25

85
Q

What Zone of the Epiphyseal Plate?
New cartilage is produced on the epiphyseal side of the plate as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells

A

Proliferation Zone

86
Q

What Zone of the Epiphyseal Plate?
Chondrocytes mature and enlarge

A

Hypertrophic Zone

87
Q

What Zone of the Epiphyseal Plate?
Matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die

A

Calcified Cartilage Zone

88
Q

What Zone of the Epiphyseal Plate?
Cartilage on the Diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone

A

Ossification Zone

89
Q

What type of cartilage does not ossify, and persists through life?

A

Articular Cartilage

90
Q

What type of Cartilage increases the size of bones with no epiphyses (short bones)?

A

Articular Cartilage

91
Q

________________ near the surface of the articular cartilage proliferate and ossify

A

Chondrocytes

92
Q

What type of growth in bone?
- Interstitial growth cannot occur because matrix is solid
- occurs on old bone and/or on cartilage surface

A

Appositional Growth

93
Q

Size and shape of a bone are determined genetically but can be modified and influenced by __________ and ________

A

nutrition and hormones

94
Q

Lack of what two things can heavily affect bone growth?

A

Calcium and Protein

95
Q

What Vitamin is necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines and can be eaten or manufactured in the body?

A

Vitamin D

96
Q

Lack of Vitamin D during childhood

A

Rickets

97
Q

Lack of Vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones

A

Osteomalacia

98
Q

What type of Vitamin is necessary for collagen synthesis and the lack of this vitamin impairs wound healing and results in teeth falling out?

A

Vitamin C

99
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin C

A

Scurvy

100
Q

Bone remodeling is caused by the migration of ____________ and _____________ to the site of bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts

101
Q

Stress causes bone remodeling to do what two things?

A
  1. Increase bone mass (density)
  2. Align trabeculae with stress
102
Q

Changes caused by osteoblast activity increase with…

A

stress

103
Q

Decreased bone density which results from an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation

A

Osteoporosis

104
Q

What is the first step of bone repair in which:
- localized mass of blood released from blood vessels but confined within organ or space
- clot formation

A

Hematoma Formation

105
Q

What is the second step in bone repair?

A

Callus Formation

106
Q

Mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site and connects the broken ends of the bone

A

Callus

107
Q

What type of callus?
- forms between the ends of the bones

A

Internal Callus

108
Q

What type of Callus?
- collar (stabilizes two pieces of bone) around opposing ends

A

External Callus

109
Q

______________ clean up debris in callus formation

A

Macrophages

110
Q

_______________ break down dead tissue in callus formation

A

Osteoclasts

111
Q

_____________ produce collagen in callus formation

A

Fibroblasts

112
Q

What is step three in bone repair in which the callus is replaced by woven bone?

A

Callus Ossification

113
Q

What is the fourth step of Bone Repair in which woven bone and damaged material is replaced by compact bone and there is a sculpting of site by osteoclasts?

A

Bone Remodeling

114
Q

Bone is a major storage site for…

A

Calcium

115
Q

The level of calcium in the blood depends upon the movement of calcium into or out of the…

A

Bone

116
Q

Calcium ___________ bone when osteoblasts create new bone

A

enters

117
Q

Calcium __________ bone when osteoclasts break down bone

A

leaves

118
Q

What two hormones control blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid Hormone
Calcitonin

119
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is released when blood calcium levels are…

A

low

120
Q

PTH stimulates __________ to resorb bone

A

Osteoclasts

121
Q

PTH stimulates reabsorption of _______ in the kidneys

A

Ca2+

122
Q

PTH stimulates ____________ ____ formation in kidneys -> increased calcium absorption in intestines

A

Vitamin D

123
Q

Calcitonin is released when blood calcium levels are…

A

high

124
Q

Calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts -> allows ___________ to take up calcium from the blood to use in bone formation

A

Osteoblasts

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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