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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Four: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define Histology:

A

Microscopic study of tissues

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2
Q

Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes is a(n)…

A

Biopsy

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3
Q

Postmortem examination of organs to determine cause of death is a(n)…..

A

Autopsy

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4
Q

Tissue classification is based on what three things?

A
  1. Structure of cells
  2. Composition of non-cellular extracellular matrix
  3. Cell function
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5
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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6
Q

What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

What type of tissue connects tissues of the body?

A

Connective

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8
Q

What type of tissue is involved in movement of body parts?

A

Muscle

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9
Q

What type of tissue facilitates communication between brain and other body parts?

A

Nervous

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10
Q

What are the six characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  1. Consists almost entirely of cells
  2. Polar
  3. Basement Membrane
  4. Specialized Cell Contacts
  5. Avascular
  6. Regenerate
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11
Q

What type of tissue….
- covers body surfaces and forms glands
- outside surface of the body
- lining of cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and. urogenital systems
- linings of many body cavities

A

Epithelial Tissue

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12
Q
  • extracellular - formed by secretions of both epithelium and connective tissue (acellular glue)
  • attachment to connective tissue
  • guides cell migration during tissue repair
A

Basement Membrane

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13
Q

What are the five functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. protecting underlying structures
  2. acting as barriers
  3. permitting the passage of substances
  4. secreting substances
  5. absorbing substances
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14
Q

What two surfaces are cell connections found?

A

Lateral and Basal

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15
Q

What are the three functions of cell connections?

A
  1. form permeability later
  2. bind cells together
  3. provide mechanism for intercellular communication
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16
Q

What are the four types of cell connections?

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Hemidesmosomes
  3. Tight Junctions
  4. Gap Junctions
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17
Q

What type of cell connection?
- attaches the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells together
- found in areas that are subjected to stress; extremely strong and prevent cells from being pulled apart
- intermediate filaments extend into cytoplasm of cells
- found in stratified squamous epithelium of the skin

A

Desmosomes

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18
Q

What type of cell connection?
- attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

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19
Q

What type of cell connection?
- holds cells together
- forms permeability barrier
- impermeable to water
- prevents passage of materials between cells

A

Tight Junctions

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20
Q

What type of cell connection?
- protein channels that aid in intercellular communication
- allows ions and small molecules to pass through
- coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle
- may help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium

A

Gap Junctions

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21
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue only has one layer of cells?

A

Simple

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22
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cells?

A

Stratified

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23
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact the basement membrane so it is in fact simple?

A

Pseudostratified

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24
Q

What shape of epithelial tissue is flat and scale-like?

A

Squamous

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25
Q

What shape of epithelial tissue is about equal in height and width?

A

Cuboidal

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26
Q

What shape of epithelial tissue is taller than it is wide?

A

Columnar

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27
Q

What type of epithelial tissue facilitates passage of materials across membrane (filtration and diffusion); some secretion and protection against friction?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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28
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue lines blood vessels, lines glomerulus of kidney, forms alveoli of lungs?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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29
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue protects from abrasive forces?

A

Stratified Squamous

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30
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is the keratinized type found in skin; non-keratinized type is found in wet surfaces of the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum?

A

Stratified Squamous

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31
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue’s function is absorption and/or secretion?

A

Simple Cuboidal

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32
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue lines the lumen of small secretory ducts, kidney tubules, portions of bronchioles, and the surface of the ovaries?

A

Simple Cuboidal

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33
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue’s function is protection, secretion, and absorption?

A

Stratified Cuboidal

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34
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is located in the sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands?

A

Stratified Cuboidal

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35
Q

What type of epithelial tissue’s function is absorption and/or secretion, sometimes ciliated-driven movement of materials?

A

Simple Columnar

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36
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the intestinal tracts and lumens of some secretory ducts, lines bronchi and uterine tubes?

A

Simple Columnar

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37
Q

What kind of epithelial’s function is protection and secretion of mucus?

A

Stratified Columnar

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38
Q

What kind of epithelial tissue is located in the male urethra and ducts of large glands?

A

Stratified Columnar

39
Q

What type of epithelial tissue’s function is secretion of mucus; ciliated type moves mucus across apical surfaces?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

40
Q

What type of epithelial tissue’s ciliated type is in the trachea and upper respiratory tract non-ciliated type in male reproductive tract?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

41
Q

What type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of round cells?

A

Transitional Epithelium

42
Q

What type of epithelial tissue allows stretching or expansion of an organ?

A

Transitional

43
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters?

A

Transitional

44
Q

What type of tissue houses glands?

A

Epithelial Tissue

45
Q

What are the two types of glands that are formed by the infolding of the epithelium?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

46
Q

What kind of gland has no open contact with exterior; no ducts; produce hormones?

A

Endocrine

47
Q

What type of gland has open contact that is maintained with exterior; ducts?

A

Exocrine

48
Q

What are the two types of gland structures?

A

Unicellular and Multicellular

49
Q

What type of exocrine gland structure have goblet cells that secretes mucus?

A

Unicellular

50
Q

What type of exocrine gland structure is simple or compound?

A

Multicellular

51
Q

What type of tissue?
- abundant; found in every organ
- consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix
- many diverse types
- performs variety of important functions

A

Connective

52
Q

What kind of tissue?
- enclosed organs as a capsule and separates organs
- connect tissues to one another
- support and movement
- storage
- cushion and insulate
- transport
- protect

A

Connective Tissue

53
Q

Blasts

A

create the matrix

54
Q

Cytes

A

Maintain the matrix

55
Q

Clasts

A

Break the matrix down for remodeling

56
Q

Osteoblasts

A

form bone

57
Q

Osteocytes

A

maintain bone

58
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down bone

59
Q

Chondroblasts

A

form cartilage

60
Q

Chondrocytes

A

maintain cartilage

61
Q

Fibroblasts

A

form fibrous connective tissue

62
Q

Fibrocytes

A

maintain fibrous connective tissue

63
Q

What are the three components of the Extracellular Matrix?

A
  1. Protein Fibers
  2. Ground Substance
  3. Fluid
64
Q

What is the most common protein in the body that is strong, flexible, and inelastic (found in protein fibers of the matrix)

A

Collagen

65
Q

What type of fiber of the protein fibers of the matrix fills the spaces between tissues and organs and forms branching networks?

A

Reticular Fiber

66
Q

What type of fiber in protein fibers of the matrix returns to its original shape after distension or compression and contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs?

A

Elastic fibers

67
Q

polysaccharide chain; good lubricant

A

Hyaluronic Acid

68
Q

protein and polysaccharide
- protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid - proteoglycan aggregate
- trap large amounts of water

A

Proteoglycans

69
Q

holds proteoglycan aggregates together and to cells

A

Adhesive Molecules

70
Q

What type of CT proper has collagenous fibers that are loosely arranged?

A

Loose

71
Q

What type of CT Proper has fibers that form thick bundles that nearly fill all extracellular space?

A

Dense

72
Q

What type of Connective Tissue?
- made of fibroblasts, leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages in matrix containing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
- packages materials that cushions and protects soft organs
- surrounds most organs

A

Areolar CT

73
Q

What kind of Connective Tissue?
- made of adipocytes and fibers surrounded by sparse gel-like matrix
- provides soft padding between organs and joints; heat conservation; energy storage
- surrounds most organs and joints; hypodermis, female breast

A

Adipose CT

74
Q

What kind of Connective Tissue?
- made of lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts within network of dark-staining reticular fibers
- the reticular fibers form a skeleton-like network that supports other cell types, such as those involved in blood cell development
- located in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver

A

Reticular CT

75
Q

What kind of CT?
- parallel collagen fibers with fibroblasts in between
- withstands tensile forces when pulled in ONE direction
- located in the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

A

Dense Regular Collagenous CT

76
Q

What kind of CT?
- contains both collagen and elastic fibers oriented in one direction
- capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation
- located in elastic ligaments between vertebrae, ligaments in vocal cords, nuchal ligament, blood vessel walls

A

Dense Regular Elastic CT

77
Q

What type of CT?
- collagen fibers arranged randomly and haphazardly
- withstand tensile forces when pulled in any direction
- located in dermis of skin, joint capsules, surrounding blood vessels

A

Dense Irregular Collagenous CT

78
Q

What kind of tissue?
- bundles and sheets of collagen and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions
- allows for stretch and recoiled of organs in several directions
- elastic arteries

A

Dense Irregular Elastic CT

79
Q

What is composed of chondrocytes located in matrix-surrounded spaces called lacunae?

A

Cartilage

80
Q

How is the type of cartilage determined?

A

Components of the matrix

81
Q

proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid complexed together trap large amounts of water

A

Ground Substance

82
Q

What is avascular with no nerve supply and heals slowly that supports CT?

A

Cartilage

83
Q

What type of Cartilage?
- smooth, “glassy” matrix surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae
- supports and protects
- located in the trachea, larynx, nose, costal cartilages, ends of long bones

A

Hyaline

84
Q

What type of cartilage?
- fibrous matrix surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae
- absorbs compressive force; connects structures subjected to great pressure
- located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus

A

Fibrocartilage

85
Q

What type of Cartilage?
- prominent elastic fibers in matric surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae
- provides support with flexibility
- located in the epiglottis and external ear

A

Elastic

86
Q

What type CT?
- very little ground substance, contains dense mineralized matrix surrounding osteocytes in lacunae
- supports, protects, and stores minerals (calcium)
- located in the skeleton

A

Bone

87
Q

What type of CT?
- consists of cells surrounded by fluid extracellular matrix
- matrix: plasma
- formed elements: red cells, white cells, and platelets
- transports gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc.
- located within blood vessels

A

Blood

88
Q

True or False: Epithelial tissues possess very little extracellular material

A

True

89
Q

What type of tissue?
- contracts or shortens with force
- composed of myocytes
- moves body, contracts heart, and propels materials

A

Muscle

90
Q

What type of Muscle Tissue?
- long, striated myocytes
- voluntary movement of the skeleton
- attached to bone and in portions of the skin

A

Skeletal Muscle

91
Q

What type of Muscle Tissue?
- branching, striated cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs
- contraction of the heart to propel blood through the vessels
- located exclusively in the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

92
Q

What type of Muscle Tissue?
- spindle-shaped, non-striated myocytes
- involuntary contraction of hollow organs
- located in walls of blood vessels, bronchioles, digestive tract, and iris of eye

A

Smooth Muscle

93
Q

What type of tissue?
- neurons and neuroglia
- neurons or nerve cells have the ability to produce action potentials
- transmits and processes information through electrical impulses
- brian, spinal, cord, nerves

A

Nervous Tissue

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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