Chapter Four: Tissues Flashcards
Define Histology:
Microscopic study of tissues
Removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes is a(n)…
Biopsy
Postmortem examination of organs to determine cause of death is a(n)…..
Autopsy
Tissue classification is based on what three things?
- Structure of cells
- Composition of non-cellular extracellular matrix
- Cell function
What are the four types of tissues?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces?
Epithelial
What type of tissue connects tissues of the body?
Connective
What type of tissue is involved in movement of body parts?
Muscle
What type of tissue facilitates communication between brain and other body parts?
Nervous
What are the six characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?
- Consists almost entirely of cells
- Polar
- Basement Membrane
- Specialized Cell Contacts
- Avascular
- Regenerate
What type of tissue….
- covers body surfaces and forms glands
- outside surface of the body
- lining of cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and. urogenital systems
- linings of many body cavities
Epithelial Tissue
- extracellular - formed by secretions of both epithelium and connective tissue (acellular glue)
- attachment to connective tissue
- guides cell migration during tissue repair
Basement Membrane
What are the five functions of epithelial tissues?
- protecting underlying structures
- acting as barriers
- permitting the passage of substances
- secreting substances
- absorbing substances
What two surfaces are cell connections found?
Lateral and Basal
What are the three functions of cell connections?
- form permeability later
- bind cells together
- provide mechanism for intercellular communication
What are the four types of cell connections?
- Desmosomes
- Hemidesmosomes
- Tight Junctions
- Gap Junctions
What type of cell connection?
- attaches the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells together
- found in areas that are subjected to stress; extremely strong and prevent cells from being pulled apart
- intermediate filaments extend into cytoplasm of cells
- found in stratified squamous epithelium of the skin
Desmosomes
What type of cell connection?
- attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
What type of cell connection?
- holds cells together
- forms permeability barrier
- impermeable to water
- prevents passage of materials between cells
Tight Junctions
What type of cell connection?
- protein channels that aid in intercellular communication
- allows ions and small molecules to pass through
- coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle
- may help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium
Gap Junctions
What kind of epithelial tissue only has one layer of cells?
Simple
What kind of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cells?
Stratified
What kind of epithelial tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells contact the basement membrane so it is in fact simple?
Pseudostratified
What shape of epithelial tissue is flat and scale-like?
Squamous
What shape of epithelial tissue is about equal in height and width?
Cuboidal
What shape of epithelial tissue is taller than it is wide?
Columnar
What type of epithelial tissue facilitates passage of materials across membrane (filtration and diffusion); some secretion and protection against friction?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
What kind of epithelial tissue lines blood vessels, lines glomerulus of kidney, forms alveoli of lungs?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
What kind of epithelial tissue protects from abrasive forces?
Stratified Squamous
What type of epithelial tissue is the keratinized type found in skin; non-keratinized type is found in wet surfaces of the mouth, esophagus, vagina, and rectum?
Stratified Squamous
What kind of epithelial tissue’s function is absorption and/or secretion?
Simple Cuboidal
What kind of epithelial tissue lines the lumen of small secretory ducts, kidney tubules, portions of bronchioles, and the surface of the ovaries?
Simple Cuboidal
What kind of epithelial tissue’s function is protection, secretion, and absorption?
Stratified Cuboidal
What type of epithelial tissue is located in the sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands?
Stratified Cuboidal
What type of epithelial tissue’s function is absorption and/or secretion, sometimes ciliated-driven movement of materials?
Simple Columnar
What type of epithelial tissue lines the intestinal tracts and lumens of some secretory ducts, lines bronchi and uterine tubes?
Simple Columnar
What kind of epithelial’s function is protection and secretion of mucus?
Stratified Columnar
What kind of epithelial tissue is located in the male urethra and ducts of large glands?
Stratified Columnar
What type of epithelial tissue’s function is secretion of mucus; ciliated type moves mucus across apical surfaces?
Pseudostratified Columnar
What type of epithelial tissue’s ciliated type is in the trachea and upper respiratory tract non-ciliated type in male reproductive tract?
Pseudostratified Columnar
What type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of round cells?
Transitional Epithelium
What type of epithelial tissue allows stretching or expansion of an organ?
Transitional
What type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters?
Transitional
What type of tissue houses glands?
Epithelial Tissue
What are the two types of glands that are formed by the infolding of the epithelium?
Endocrine and Exocrine
What kind of gland has no open contact with exterior; no ducts; produce hormones?
Endocrine
What type of gland has open contact that is maintained with exterior; ducts?
Exocrine
What are the two types of gland structures?
Unicellular and Multicellular
What type of exocrine gland structure have goblet cells that secretes mucus?
Unicellular
What type of exocrine gland structure is simple or compound?
Multicellular
What type of tissue?
- abundant; found in every organ
- consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix
- many diverse types
- performs variety of important functions
Connective
What kind of tissue?
- enclosed organs as a capsule and separates organs
- connect tissues to one another
- support and movement
- storage
- cushion and insulate
- transport
- protect
Connective Tissue
Blasts
create the matrix
Cytes
Maintain the matrix
Clasts
Break the matrix down for remodeling
Osteoblasts
form bone
Osteocytes
maintain bone
Osteoclasts
break down bone
Chondroblasts
form cartilage
Chondrocytes
maintain cartilage
Fibroblasts
form fibrous connective tissue
Fibrocytes
maintain fibrous connective tissue
What are the three components of the Extracellular Matrix?
- Protein Fibers
- Ground Substance
- Fluid
What is the most common protein in the body that is strong, flexible, and inelastic (found in protein fibers of the matrix)
Collagen
What type of fiber of the protein fibers of the matrix fills the spaces between tissues and organs and forms branching networks?
Reticular Fiber
What type of fiber in protein fibers of the matrix returns to its original shape after distension or compression and contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs?
Elastic fibers
polysaccharide chain; good lubricant
Hyaluronic Acid
protein and polysaccharide
- protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid - proteoglycan aggregate
- trap large amounts of water
Proteoglycans
holds proteoglycan aggregates together and to cells
Adhesive Molecules
What type of CT proper has collagenous fibers that are loosely arranged?
Loose
What type of CT Proper has fibers that form thick bundles that nearly fill all extracellular space?
Dense
What type of Connective Tissue?
- made of fibroblasts, leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages in matrix containing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
- packages materials that cushions and protects soft organs
- surrounds most organs
Areolar CT
What kind of Connective Tissue?
- made of adipocytes and fibers surrounded by sparse gel-like matrix
- provides soft padding between organs and joints; heat conservation; energy storage
- surrounds most organs and joints; hypodermis, female breast
Adipose CT
What kind of Connective Tissue?
- made of lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts within network of dark-staining reticular fibers
- the reticular fibers form a skeleton-like network that supports other cell types, such as those involved in blood cell development
- located in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver
Reticular CT
What kind of CT?
- parallel collagen fibers with fibroblasts in between
- withstands tensile forces when pulled in ONE direction
- located in the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Dense Regular Collagenous CT
What kind of CT?
- contains both collagen and elastic fibers oriented in one direction
- capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation
- located in elastic ligaments between vertebrae, ligaments in vocal cords, nuchal ligament, blood vessel walls
Dense Regular Elastic CT
What type of CT?
- collagen fibers arranged randomly and haphazardly
- withstand tensile forces when pulled in any direction
- located in dermis of skin, joint capsules, surrounding blood vessels
Dense Irregular Collagenous CT
What kind of tissue?
- bundles and sheets of collagen and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions
- allows for stretch and recoiled of organs in several directions
- elastic arteries
Dense Irregular Elastic CT
What is composed of chondrocytes located in matrix-surrounded spaces called lacunae?
Cartilage
How is the type of cartilage determined?
Components of the matrix
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid complexed together trap large amounts of water
Ground Substance
What is avascular with no nerve supply and heals slowly that supports CT?
Cartilage
What type of Cartilage?
- smooth, “glassy” matrix surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae
- supports and protects
- located in the trachea, larynx, nose, costal cartilages, ends of long bones
Hyaline
What type of cartilage?
- fibrous matrix surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae
- absorbs compressive force; connects structures subjected to great pressure
- located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus
Fibrocartilage
What type of Cartilage?
- prominent elastic fibers in matric surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae
- provides support with flexibility
- located in the epiglottis and external ear
Elastic
What type CT?
- very little ground substance, contains dense mineralized matrix surrounding osteocytes in lacunae
- supports, protects, and stores minerals (calcium)
- located in the skeleton
Bone
What type of CT?
- consists of cells surrounded by fluid extracellular matrix
- matrix: plasma
- formed elements: red cells, white cells, and platelets
- transports gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc.
- located within blood vessels
Blood
True or False: Epithelial tissues possess very little extracellular material
True
What type of tissue?
- contracts or shortens with force
- composed of myocytes
- moves body, contracts heart, and propels materials
Muscle
What type of Muscle Tissue?
- long, striated myocytes
- voluntary movement of the skeleton
- attached to bone and in portions of the skin
Skeletal Muscle
What type of Muscle Tissue?
- branching, striated cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs
- contraction of the heart to propel blood through the vessels
- located exclusively in the heart
Cardiac Muscle
What type of Muscle Tissue?
- spindle-shaped, non-striated myocytes
- involuntary contraction of hollow organs
- located in walls of blood vessels, bronchioles, digestive tract, and iris of eye
Smooth Muscle
What type of tissue?
- neurons and neuroglia
- neurons or nerve cells have the ability to produce action potentials
- transmits and processes information through electrical impulses
- brian, spinal, cord, nerves
Nervous Tissue
