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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Fifteen: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter Fifteen: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five special senses?

A
  1. Olfaction
  2. Taste
  3. Visual System
  4. Hearing
  5. Balance
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2
Q

Olfaction is the sense of…

A

smell

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3
Q

Olfactory epithelium is specialized epithelium that is located in the…region of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory

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4
Q

Olfactory epithelium contains 10 million…

A

neurons

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5
Q

What kind of neurons are replaced every two months?

A

Olfactory

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6
Q

Dendrites of olfactory neurons have…ends

A

enlarged

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7
Q

…(olfactory hairs) of olfactory neuron embedded in mucus

A

Cilia

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8
Q

Odorants dissolve in…and attach to receptors, initiating action potentials in olfactory neurons

A

mucus

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9
Q

What are airborne molecules responsible for odors?

A

Odorant

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10
Q

Seven primary odors now recognized, but average person can recognize…different odors

A

4000

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11
Q

What is this called?
- one chemoreceptor may respond to more than one type of odor

A

Low Specificity

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12
Q

What is this called?
- receptors become saturated with odorants

A

Adaptation

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13
Q

Olfactory Neuronal Pathways and Cortex
1. Axons of olfactory neurons form olfactory… to olfactory…

A

nerves
bulb

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14
Q

Olfactory Neuronal Pathways and Cortex
2. Olfactory…to Olfactory…projects directly to olfactory areas of the cerebrum

A

bulb
tract

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15
Q

Olfactory Neuronal Pathways and Cortex
3. Olfactory…areas are involved in complex processing of olfactory stimuli perception

A

cortex

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16
Q

What are these?
- specialized sensory structures that detect gustatory stimuli

A

Taste buds

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17
Q

What are these?
- bumps on the surface of the tongue
- taste buds are located here

A

Papillae

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18
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A
  1. Filiform
  2. Vallate
  3. Fungiform
  4. Foliate
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19
Q

What type of papillae?
- most numerous; no taste buds

A

Filiform

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20
Q

What type of papillae?
- largest; least abundant; have taste buds

A

Vallate

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21
Q

What type of papillae?
- have taste buds

A

Fungiform

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22
Q

What type of papillae?
- contain most sensitive taste buds; decrease in number with age

A

Foliate

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23
Q

What is this?
- supporting cells (surrounding taste (gustatory) cells

A

Taste Buds

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24
Q

Taste cells have…(gustatory hairs) extending into taste pores

A

microvilli

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25
Q

Taste buds are replaces about every…days

A

10

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26
Q

Tastants dissolve in saliva and ener taste pore - depolarization of taste cells - release…on secondary sensory neurons

A

neurotransmitters

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27
Q

What are the five taste types?

A
  1. Salty
  2. Sour
  3. Sweet
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
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28
Q

What taste type?
- results when Na+ diffuses into cell, resulting in depolarization

A

Salty

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29
Q

What taste type?
- results when hydrogen ions (H+) of acids cause depolarization of taste cells

A

Sour

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30
Q

What taste type?
- sensation from sugars, some carbohydrates, and some proteins

A

Sweet

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31
Q

What taste type?
- sensation produced by alkaloids, which are toxic

A

Bitter

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32
Q

What taste type?
- sensation from amino acids such as glutamate (MSG, parmesan cheese, etc)

A

Umami

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33
Q

…(part of VII): carry sensations from anterior two-thirds of tongue (except from circumvallate papillae)

A

Chorda Tympani

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34
Q

What two nerves carry information from posterior one-third tongue, circumvallate papillae, superior pharynx, epiglottis?

A

CN IX and X

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35
Q

Information goes to medulla oblongata - … - taste area of cortex

A

thalamus

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36
Q

The eye consists of what two things?

A

Eyeball and Lens

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37
Q

What accessory structure of the eye shades and inhibits sweat?

A

eyebrows

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38
Q

What accessory structure of the eye called palpebrae with conjunctiva?

A

Eyelids

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39
Q

What accessory structure of the eye is the space between eyelids?

A

Palpebral fissure

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40
Q

What accessory structure of the eye is lateral and medial, eyelids meet?

A

Canthi

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41
Q

Medial canthus has…with modified sweat and sebaceous glands

A

Caruncle

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42
Q

What is the thin transparent mucous membrane of the eye called?

A

Conjuctiva

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43
Q

What is the inner surface of the eyelids called?

A

Palpebral Conjunctiva

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44
Q

What is the anterior surface of the eye except over pupil?

A

Bulbar Conjunctiva

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45
Q

What is acute contagious conjunctivitis called?

A

Pinkeye

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46
Q

Ciliary glands empty into…

A

hair follicles

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47
Q

Meibomian glands at inner margins produce…

A

sebum

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48
Q

A sty on an eyelash forms when ciliary glands become

A

inflamed

49
Q

A chalazion on an eyelash forms from an infection or blockage of a…

A

meibomian gland

50
Q

Lacrimal Gland is in charge of the production of…

A

tears

51
Q

How many rectus muscles are a part of the extrinsic eye?

A

4

52
Q

How many oblique muscles are a part of the extrinsic eye?

A

2

53
Q

…test: clinical tests for eye movements

A

H

54
Q

What are the three tunics of the eye?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Vascular
  3. Nervous
55
Q

What tunic of the eye?
- sclera and cornea

A

Fibrous

56
Q

What tunic of the eye?
- choroid, ciliary body, iris

A

Vascular

57
Q

What tunic of the eye?
- retina

A

Nervous

58
Q

What is this?
- white outer layer
- maintains shape, protects internal structure, provides muscle attachment point
- continuous with cornea
- dense collagenous connective tissue with elastic fibers

A

Sclera

59
Q

What is this?
- connective tissue matrix containing collagen, elastic fibers, and proteoglycans
- layer of stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface
- avascular, transparent, allows light to enter eye; bends and refracts light
- extensive injury - tissue deposition - opaque lens

A

Cornea

60
Q

What is this?
- colored part of the eye; controls light entering the pupil

A

Iris

61
Q

Is the sphincter pupillae sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

62
Q

Is the dilator pupillae sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic

63
Q

What part of the vascular tunic produces aqueous humor that fills anterior chamber?

A

Ciliary Body

64
Q

What part of the vascular tunic is deep to sclera; very thin, pigmented?

A

Choroid

65
Q

What part of the retina is outer, pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Pigmented Retina

66
Q

What part of the retina is inner layer of rod and cone cells sensitive to light?

A

Sensory Retina

67
Q

What is the small yellow spot of the retina?

A

Macula Lutea

68
Q

What is the area of greatest visual acuity; photoreceptor cells tightly packed in the retina?

A

Fovea Centralis

69
Q

What is the blind spot of the retina?

A

Optic Disc

70
Q

What compartment of the eye is anterior to the lens; filled with aqueous humor?

A

Anterior Compartment

71
Q

What chamber of the eye is between the cornea and iris?

A

anterior chamber

72
Q

What chamber of the eye is between the iris and lens?

A

posterior chamber

73
Q

Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary process; return to venous circulation through the canal of…

A

Schlemm

74
Q

What is it called when there is an abnormal increase in intraocular pressure?

A

Glaucoma

75
Q

Vitreous chamber is posterior to the lens of the eye and is filled with jelly-like…

A

vitreous humor

76
Q

The lens is held by…ligaments attached to ciliary muscles

A

suspensory

77
Q

The lens changes shape as…muscles contract and relax

A

ciliary

78
Q

What is the clouding of the lens called?

A

Cataract

79
Q

What is the bending of light called?

A

Refraction

80
Q

What is light striking a convex surface called?

A

Convergence

81
Q

What is the point where light rays converge and cross?

A

Focal Point

82
Q

What is causing light to converge called?

A

Focusing

83
Q

The lens ultimately changes shape and adjusts the focal point on the…

A

retina

84
Q

What is the normal resting condition of lens called?

A

Emmetropia

85
Q

What is the point at which lens does not have to thicken to focus?

A

Far point of vision

86
Q

What are the three parts of focusing?

A
  1. Accommodation
  2. Pupil Constriction
  3. Convergence
87
Q

What pigment is the retina filled with?

A

Melanin

88
Q

What protein changes shape when struck by light?

A

Rhodopsin

89
Q

Retinal is derived from…

A

Vitamin A

90
Q

Rods are unusual sensory cells: when not stimulated they are…

A

depolarized

91
Q

Light causes rods to…

A

hyperpolarize

92
Q

Cones are responsible for…vision

A

color

93
Q

What results from dysfunction of one or more cones?

A

Color blindness

94
Q

What part of the external ear?
- elastic cartilage covered with skin

A

Auricle

95
Q

What part of the external ear?
- sound waves cause it to vibrate
- border between external and middle ear

A

Tympanic Membrane

96
Q

What tube of the middle ear opens into pharynx to equalize pressure?

A

Auditory Tube

97
Q

What are the three ossicles of the middle ear?

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
98
Q

What are the three bony parts of the inner ear that go with balance and hearing?

A

Vestibule
Semicircular
Cochlea

99
Q

…communicates with vestibule which communicates with the scala vestibuli of the cochlea

A

Oval Window

100
Q

What part of the inner ear?
- extends from oval window to helicotrema at cochlear apex

A

Scala Vestibuli

101
Q

What part of the inner ear?
- extends from helicotrema to round window

A

Scala Tympani

102
Q

Wall of scala vestibuli is…

A

vestibular membrane

103
Q

Wall of scala tympani is…

A

basilar membrane

104
Q

What is the space in the inner ear that is between vestibular and basilar membranes?

A

Cochlear Duct

105
Q

What part of the inner ear had cells in cochlear duct?

A

Spiral organ

106
Q

What part of the inner ear?
- stereocilia of one inner hair cell

A

Hair bundle

107
Q

What part of the inner?
- attaches tip of each stereocilium in a hair bundle to the side of the next longer stereocilium

A

Tip link

108
Q

What part of balance?
- elevates position of head relative to gravity
- detects linear acceleration and deceleration (as in a car)

A

Static Labyrinth

109
Q

What part of balance?
- evaluates movement of the head in three dimensional space

A

Kinetic Labyrinth

110
Q

What part of the static labyrinth is specialized epithelium of supporting columnar cells and hair cells with numerous stereocilia (microvilli) and one cilium (kinocilium) embedded in gelatinous mass weighted by otoliths?

A

Macula

111
Q

Utricle has macula oriented parallel to base of…

A

skull

112
Q

Saccule has macula oriented perpendicular to base of…

A

skull

113
Q

Gelatinous mass moves in response to…, bending hair cells and initiating action potentials

A

gravity

114
Q

…stimulate hair cells with varying frequencies

A

Otoliths

115
Q

Patterns of…translated by brain into specific information about head position or acceleration

A

stimulation

116
Q

What are the three semicircular canals filled with endolymph?

A

Transverse plane
Coronal plane
Sagittal plane

117
Q

Base of each canal is expanded into…with sensory epithelium (crista ampullaris)

A

ampulla

118
Q

…is suspended over crista hair cells and acts as a float displaced by fluid movements within semicircular canals

A

Cupula

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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