Chapter Fourteen: Integration of Nervous System Function Flashcards
Sensation is the means by which brain receives…about environment and body
information
What is this?
- stimuli acting on sensory receptors
Sensation
What is this?
- conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors (not all sensations are perceived)
Perception
What is this?
- interpretation/comprehension of stimuli by cerebral cortex
Cognition
Stimuli originating either inside or outside of the body must be detected by…
Sensory Receptors
Stimuli are converted into…
Action Potentials
Action potentials are propagated to the…by nerves
CNS
Within the CNS,…convey action potentials to the cerebral cortex and to other areas of the CNS
nerve tracts
Action potentials reaching the cerebral cortex are…so the person can be aware of the stimulus
translated
What kind of sense?
- distributed over large part of body
General
What are the two types of General Senses?
Somatic and Visceral
What General Sense?
- information about the body and environment: touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, pain
Somatic
What General Sense?
- information about internal organs: pain and pressure
Visceral
What type of Sense?
- smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance
Special Sense
What receptor?
- compression, bending, stretching of cells
- touch pressure proprioception, hearing, and balance
Mechanoreceptors
What receptor?
- respond to chemicals
- smell and taste
Chemoreceptors
What receptor?
- respond to changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
What receptor?
- respond to light
- vision
Photoreceptors
What receptor?
- extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli
- pain
Nociceptors
What receptor?
- associated with skin (exteroceptors)
Cutaneous Receptors
What receptor?
- associated with organs
Visceroreceptors
What receptor?
- associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue
Proprioceptors
What receptor structure?
- simplest and most common sensory receptor
- relatively unspecialized neuronal branches similar to dendrites
- detect pain, temperature, itch, and movement
- temperature detection
- Cold receptors: 10-15 times more numerous than warm
- Warm receptors
- Pain receptors: respond to extreme cold or heat
Free Nerve Endings
What receptor structure?
- light touch and superficial pressure
- axonal branches end as flattened expansions, each associated with a specialized epithelial cell
- located in basal layers of epidermis
- capable of detecting skin displacement of less than 1 mm
Merkel Disks
What receptor structure?
- “hair end organs”
- respond to slight bending of hair as occurs in light touch
- hair follicle receptor fields overlap, so sensation is not very localized, yet very sensitive
Hair Follicle Receptors
What receptor structure?
- single dendrite extends to each corpuscle covered in connective tissue layers like an onion
- located deep in the dermis or hypodermis
- detect deep cutaneous pressure or vibration
- when associated with joints, involved in proprioception
Pacinian Corpuscles
What receptor structure?
- involved in two-point discrimination
- ability to detect simultaneous stimulations in two distinct receptor fields at two points on the skin
- used to determined texture of objects
- numerous and close together on places like tongue and fingertips
Meissner Corpuscles
What receptor structure?
- primarily in dermis of fingers
- respond to continuous touch or pressure and to stretch of adjacent skin
Ruffini End Organ
What receptor structure?
- 3-10 specialized skeletal muscle cells
- provide information about length of muscles
- involved in stretch reflex
Muscle Spindles
What receptor structure?
- proprioceptors associated with tendons
- respond to increased tension on tendon - golgi tendon reflex
Golgi Tendon Organ
What is this called?
- results form interaction of sensory receptor
Graded Potential
Graded potential is called a generator potential or a…
receptor
What does a receptor potential need to reach in order for an action potential to be produced?
Threshold
Primary or Secondary Receptor?
- axons conduct action potentials in response to receptor potential
Primary Receptor
Primary or Secondary Receptor?
- cause release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on a neuron causing a receptor potential
- smell, taste, hearing, balance
Secondary Receptor
What is a decreased sensitivity to a continues stimulus called?
Adaptation
What type of receptor provides information about the precise position and the rate of movement of various body parts, the weight of an object being held in the hand and the range of movement of a joint?
Proprioceptors
What are the two types of Proprioceptors?
Tonic and Phasic Receptors
What type of proprioceptor?
- generate action potentials as long as stimulus is applied; adapt very slowly
- EX: knowing where your little finger is without looking
Tonic Receptors
What type of proprioceptor?
- most sensitive to changes in stimuli because they adapt very rapidly
- EX: knowing where your hand is as it moves
Phasic Receptor
What cortex?
- posterior to the central sulcus - postecentral gyrus
- general sensory input: pain, pressure, temperature
Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex
What area?
- inferior end of post central gyrus
Taste Area
What cortex?
- inferior surface of temporal lobe
Olfactory Cortex
What cortex?
- superior part of temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
What cortex?
- occipital lobe
Visual Cortex
What type of areas are involved in the process of recognition?
Association Areas
What sensory?
- posterior to primary somatic sensory cortex
Somatic Sensory
What association?
- anterior to visual cortex
- present visual information compared to past information
Visual association
Referred pain is a sensation in a region of the body that is not the source of the…
stimulus
Organ pain is usually referred to the…
skin
Both the organ and that region of the skin input the same spinal segment and converge the same ascending…
neurons
What gyrus?
- primary motor cortex
Precentral Gyrus
What area?
- anterior to primary motor cortex
- motor functions organized before initiation
Premotor Area
What area?
- motivation, foresight to plan and initiate movement, emotional behavior, mood
Prefrontal
What side of the brain?
- controls muscular activity and receives sensory information from left side of body
Right
What side of the brain?
- controls muscular activity and receives sensory information from the right side of the body
Left
Sensory information of both hemispheres shared through commissures:…
Corpus Callosum
What side of the brain is in charge of mathematics and speech?
Left
What side of the brain is in charge of three-dimensional or spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability?
Right
Areas involved in speech are normally in…cerebral cortex
left
What area?
- sensory speech; understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say
Wernicke’s Area
What area?
- motor speech; sending messages to the appropriate muscles to actually make the sounds
Broca’s area
What is this?
- absent or defective speech or language comprehension
- caused by lesion somewhere in the auditory/speech pathway
Aphasia
What type of memory?
- transient but highly detailed
Working memory
What type of memory?
- information retained for few seconds to minutes
Short-term memory
What type of memory?
- declarative or explicit; months or years
Long-term memory
What type of memory?
- reflexive memory
- implicit memory
- development of skills such as riding a bike
- cerebellum and premotor area
Procedural Memory
What type of memory?
- explicit memory
- retention of facts
- controlled by hippocampus (factual memory) and amygdala (emotional)
Declarative memory
Long-term potentiation facilitates future transmission of…
action potentials
Increase in the number of vesicles containing neurotransmitters or increase in number of receptors on post-synaptic membrane will increase transmission of selected synapses to allow what kind of memory?
short-term memory
What is the process of transferring short-term memory to long-term memory?
Consolidation
Consolidation is a gradual process involving formation of new and stronger…connections
Synaptic
Consolidation is increased by…and association with other memories or strong emotions
repetition
The end result of forming long-term memory is changes in the cytoskeleton of the…neuron
postsynaptic
What is this?
- memory trace
- series of neurons and their pattern of activity
- involved in long-term retention of information, thoughts, and ideas
- repetition and association of the new information with existing memories assist in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory
Memory engram
