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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Fourteen: Integration of Nervous System Function > Flashcards

Chapter Fourteen: Integration of Nervous System Function Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation is the means by which brain receives…about environment and body

A

information

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2
Q

What is this?
- stimuli acting on sensory receptors

A

Sensation

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3
Q

What is this?
- conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors (not all sensations are perceived)

A

Perception

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4
Q

What is this?
- interpretation/comprehension of stimuli by cerebral cortex

A

Cognition

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5
Q

Stimuli originating either inside or outside of the body must be detected by…

A

Sensory Receptors

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6
Q

Stimuli are converted into…

A

Action Potentials

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7
Q

Action potentials are propagated to the…by nerves

A

CNS

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8
Q

Within the CNS,…convey action potentials to the cerebral cortex and to other areas of the CNS

A

nerve tracts

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9
Q

Action potentials reaching the cerebral cortex are…so the person can be aware of the stimulus

A

translated

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10
Q

What kind of sense?
- distributed over large part of body

A

General

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11
Q

What are the two types of General Senses?

A

Somatic and Visceral

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12
Q

What General Sense?
- information about the body and environment: touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, pain

A

Somatic

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13
Q

What General Sense?
- information about internal organs: pain and pressure

A

Visceral

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14
Q

What type of Sense?
- smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance

A

Special Sense

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15
Q

What receptor?
- compression, bending, stretching of cells
- touch pressure proprioception, hearing, and balance

A

Mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

What receptor?
- respond to chemicals
- smell and taste

A

Chemoreceptors

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17
Q

What receptor?
- respond to changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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18
Q

What receptor?
- respond to light
- vision

A

Photoreceptors

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19
Q

What receptor?
- extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli
- pain

A

Nociceptors

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20
Q

What receptor?
- associated with skin (exteroceptors)

A

Cutaneous Receptors

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21
Q

What receptor?
- associated with organs

A

Visceroreceptors

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22
Q

What receptor?
- associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue

A

Proprioceptors

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23
Q

What receptor structure?
- simplest and most common sensory receptor
- relatively unspecialized neuronal branches similar to dendrites
- detect pain, temperature, itch, and movement
- temperature detection
- Cold receptors: 10-15 times more numerous than warm
- Warm receptors
- Pain receptors: respond to extreme cold or heat

A

Free Nerve Endings

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24
Q

What receptor structure?
- light touch and superficial pressure
- axonal branches end as flattened expansions, each associated with a specialized epithelial cell
- located in basal layers of epidermis
- capable of detecting skin displacement of less than 1 mm

A

Merkel Disks

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25
Q

What receptor structure?
- “hair end organs”
- respond to slight bending of hair as occurs in light touch
- hair follicle receptor fields overlap, so sensation is not very localized, yet very sensitive

A

Hair Follicle Receptors

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26
Q

What receptor structure?
- single dendrite extends to each corpuscle covered in connective tissue layers like an onion
- located deep in the dermis or hypodermis
- detect deep cutaneous pressure or vibration
- when associated with joints, involved in proprioception

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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27
Q

What receptor structure?
- involved in two-point discrimination
- ability to detect simultaneous stimulations in two distinct receptor fields at two points on the skin
- used to determined texture of objects
- numerous and close together on places like tongue and fingertips

A

Meissner Corpuscles

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28
Q

What receptor structure?
- primarily in dermis of fingers
- respond to continuous touch or pressure and to stretch of adjacent skin

A

Ruffini End Organ

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29
Q

What receptor structure?
- 3-10 specialized skeletal muscle cells
- provide information about length of muscles
- involved in stretch reflex

A

Muscle Spindles

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30
Q

What receptor structure?
- proprioceptors associated with tendons
- respond to increased tension on tendon - golgi tendon reflex

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

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31
Q

What is this called?
- results form interaction of sensory receptor

A

Graded Potential

32
Q

Graded potential is called a generator potential or a…

A

receptor

33
Q

What does a receptor potential need to reach in order for an action potential to be produced?

A

Threshold

34
Q

Primary or Secondary Receptor?
- axons conduct action potentials in response to receptor potential

A

Primary Receptor

35
Q

Primary or Secondary Receptor?
- cause release of neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on a neuron causing a receptor potential
- smell, taste, hearing, balance

A

Secondary Receptor

36
Q

What is a decreased sensitivity to a continues stimulus called?

A

Adaptation

37
Q

What type of receptor provides information about the precise position and the rate of movement of various body parts, the weight of an object being held in the hand and the range of movement of a joint?

A

Proprioceptors

38
Q

What are the two types of Proprioceptors?

A

Tonic and Phasic Receptors

39
Q

What type of proprioceptor?
- generate action potentials as long as stimulus is applied; adapt very slowly
- EX: knowing where your little finger is without looking

A

Tonic Receptors

40
Q

What type of proprioceptor?
- most sensitive to changes in stimuli because they adapt very rapidly
- EX: knowing where your hand is as it moves

A

Phasic Receptor

41
Q

What cortex?
- posterior to the central sulcus - postecentral gyrus
- general sensory input: pain, pressure, temperature

A

Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex

42
Q

What area?
- inferior end of post central gyrus

A

Taste Area

43
Q

What cortex?
- inferior surface of temporal lobe

A

Olfactory Cortex

44
Q

What cortex?
- superior part of temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex

45
Q

What cortex?
- occipital lobe

A

Visual Cortex

46
Q

What type of areas are involved in the process of recognition?

A

Association Areas

47
Q

What sensory?
- posterior to primary somatic sensory cortex

A

Somatic Sensory

48
Q

What association?
- anterior to visual cortex
- present visual information compared to past information

A

Visual association

49
Q

Referred pain is a sensation in a region of the body that is not the source of the…

A

stimulus

50
Q

Organ pain is usually referred to the…

A

skin

51
Q

Both the organ and that region of the skin input the same spinal segment and converge the same ascending…

A

neurons

52
Q

What gyrus?
- primary motor cortex

A

Precentral Gyrus

53
Q

What area?
- anterior to primary motor cortex
- motor functions organized before initiation

A

Premotor Area

54
Q

What area?
- motivation, foresight to plan and initiate movement, emotional behavior, mood

A

Prefrontal

55
Q

What side of the brain?
- controls muscular activity and receives sensory information from left side of body

A

Right

56
Q

What side of the brain?
- controls muscular activity and receives sensory information from the right side of the body

A

Left

57
Q

Sensory information of both hemispheres shared through commissures:…

A

Corpus Callosum

58
Q

What side of the brain is in charge of mathematics and speech?

A

Left

59
Q

What side of the brain is in charge of three-dimensional or spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability?

A

Right

60
Q

Areas involved in speech are normally in…cerebral cortex

A

left

61
Q

What area?
- sensory speech; understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say

A

Wernicke’s Area

62
Q

What area?
- motor speech; sending messages to the appropriate muscles to actually make the sounds

A

Broca’s area

63
Q

What is this?
- absent or defective speech or language comprehension
- caused by lesion somewhere in the auditory/speech pathway

A

Aphasia

64
Q

What type of memory?
- transient but highly detailed

A

Working memory

65
Q

What type of memory?
- information retained for few seconds to minutes

A

Short-term memory

66
Q

What type of memory?
- declarative or explicit; months or years

A

Long-term memory

67
Q

What type of memory?
- reflexive memory
- implicit memory
- development of skills such as riding a bike
- cerebellum and premotor area

A

Procedural Memory

68
Q

What type of memory?
- explicit memory
- retention of facts
- controlled by hippocampus (factual memory) and amygdala (emotional)

A

Declarative memory

69
Q

Long-term potentiation facilitates future transmission of…

A

action potentials

70
Q

Increase in the number of vesicles containing neurotransmitters or increase in number of receptors on post-synaptic membrane will increase transmission of selected synapses to allow what kind of memory?

A

short-term memory

71
Q

What is the process of transferring short-term memory to long-term memory?

A

Consolidation

72
Q

Consolidation is a gradual process involving formation of new and stronger…connections

A

Synaptic

73
Q

Consolidation is increased by…and association with other memories or strong emotions

A

repetition

74
Q

The end result of forming long-term memory is changes in the cytoskeleton of the…neuron

A

postsynaptic

75
Q

What is this?
- memory trace
- series of neurons and their pattern of activity
- involved in long-term retention of information, thoughts, and ideas
- repetition and association of the new information with existing memories assist in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

A

Memory engram

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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