Chapter Five: Integumentary System Flashcards
What are the four structures that are part of the Integumentary System?
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Glands
What are the five main functions of the Integumentary System?
- Protection
- Sensation
- Temperature Regulation
- Vitamin D production
- Excretion
The superficial layer of epithelial tissue is…
The Epidermis
The deep layer of connective tissue is…
The Dermis
What layer of the skin relates with structural strength and is connected to the epidermis by the basement membrane?
Dermis
What part of the skin is loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures?
Subcutaneous Tissue/Hypodermis
The epidermis is avascular, nourished by diffusion from capillaries of the ______________ layer of the dermis
Papillary Layer
The epidermis is composed of cells that are arranged into different layers called…
Strata
The epidermis is separated from the dermis by the…
Basement Membrane
What type of molecules in the basement membrane attach the epidermis to the dermis?
Adhesion Molecules
What type of cell produces the fibrous protein Keratin?
Keratinocytes
Majority of cells in the epidermis are….
Keratinocytes
What type of cell produces melanin to protect against UV light and contributes to skin color?
Melanocytes
What type of cells resident macrophages that assist in immunity?
Langerhans Cells
What type of cells relate to touch receptors?
Merkel Cells
The process by which cells move outward through the layers of the epidermis
Keratinization
In keratinization: as they migrate to the surface, they fill with _______, _______, and become a layer that resists abrasion and forms a _____________ ________
Keratin
Die
Permeability Layer
What skin disease is caused by a malfunction in keratinization?
Psoriasis
Skin cells in Psoriasis are replaces every ________ days rather than the usual __________ days
3-5
20-30
What type of Epidermal Strata?
- deepest portion of epidermis
- single layer of highly mitotic stem cells
- merkel cells and melanocytes are also located in this layer
- hemidesmosomes anchor cells to basement membrane
Stratum Germinativum
What type of Epidermal Strata?
- limited cell division
- desmosomes break and reform
- lamellar bodies and keratin accumulate
Stratum Spinosum
lipid-filled organelles
Lamellar Bodies
What type of Epidermal Strata?
- contains protein granules of keratohyalin
- lamellar bodies release lipid contents to form a water-proof barrier
- in superficial layers nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cell dies
Stratum Granulosum
Promotes aggregation and cross-linking of keratin fibers
Keratohyalin
What type of Epidermal Strata?
- thin, clear zone found only in thick skin
Stratum Lucidum
What type of Epidermal Strata?
- 25-30 layers of dead flattened cells
- most superficial and consists of cornified cells
- desmosomes eventually break and cells are sloughed off the surface
Stratum Corneum
Dead cells with a hard protein envelope; filled with Keratin
Cornified Cells
What type of skin?
- has all 5 epithelial strata
- found in areas subject to pressure or friction
- fingerprints and footprints; epidermal ridges interlock with dermal papillae
Thick Skin
What type of skin?
- Lacks Stratum Lucidum
- Covers rest of body
- More flexible than thick skin
- Hair grows here
Thin Skin
Skin color is determined by these 3 factors:
- Pigments
- Dermal blood circulation
- Thickness of Stratum Corneum
What are the two pigments that relate to skin color?
Melanin and Carotene
Yellow pigment that comes from vegetables
Carotene
This pigment provides for protection against UV light, is a group of chemicals derived from tyrosine, and colored brown to black, may be yellowish or reddish
Melanin
These cells have processes that extend between keratinocytes
- there are the same number of these cells in all people, the activity of these cells is what determines skin color
Melanocytes
Imparts reddish hue and increases during blushing, anger, and inflammation is caused by…
Blood Circulation through skin
Thicker areas being yellowish is caused by…
Thickness of Stratum Corneum
What skin pathology: redness due to inflammation
Erythema
What skin pathology: blue skin due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
What skin pathology: yellow skin due to presence of toxins in the blood
Jaundice
What skin pathology: genetic mutation that causes a deficiency or absence of pigment
Albinism
What type of Skin Cancer?
- most common type of skin cancer
- affects cells in the Stratum Basale
Basal Cell Carcinoma
What type of Skin Cancer?
- affects cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What type of Skin Cancer?
- arise form melanocytes
- most deadly type of skin cancer
Melanoma
The Dermis provides structural __________
strength
The dermis provides structural strength through connective tissue with these three things:
- Fibers
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
What layer of the skin contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels?
Dermis
What layer of the skin has sensory functions: pain, itch, tickle, temperature, touch, pressure, two-point discrimination?
Dermis
What are the two layers of the Dermis?
Papillary and Reticular
What layer of the Dermis?
- areolar tissue with lots of elastic fibers
- dermal papillae, capillary beds
- touch receptors (Meissner), free nerve endings sensing pain
Papillary
What layer of the Dermis?
- dense irregular connective tissue
- collagen and elastic fibers
- some adipose, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors
Reticular
What type of tissue?
- deep to skin
- consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
- contains adipocytes
- Also known as: Hypodermis or Superficial Fascia
Subcutaneous Tissue
What are the three functions of Subcutaneous Tissue?
- Energy Source
- Insulation
- Padding
What type of hair is long and course?
Terminal Hair
What type of hair is short and fine?
Vellus Hair
The hair shaft ________ above skin surface
protrudes
Root of hair is located below surface; base of root is called the…
Hair Bulb
What are the three layers of the hair shaft?
- Medulla
- Cortex
- Cuticle
What layer of the hair shaft is the central axis?
Medulla
What layer of the hair shaft forms the bulk of hair?
Cortex
What layer of the hair shaft forms the hair surface?
Cuticle
What part of the hair follicle is part of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath?
Dermal Root Sheath
What part of the hair follicle has both internal and external parts?
Epithelial Root Sheath
What part of Epithelial Root Sheath?
- contains all epithelial parts near surface and fewer closer to the bulb
External Part
What part of Epithelial Root Sheath?
- contains stratum basale that may remain after injury and supply a source of new epidermis
Internal Part
What part of the hair structure?
- internal matrix is source of hair
- dermis projects into bulb and is blood supply
Hair Bulb
What are the two hair cycles?
Growth and Rest Cycles
What type of hair cycle?
- cells added at base and hair elongates; average rate is 0.3 mm/day
Growth Cycle
What type of hair cycle?
- follicle shortens and holds hair in place; after resting period, hair falls out of follicle
Rest Cycle
Regular hair loss means hair is being…
replaced
Permanent hair loss =
pattern baldness
Hair color is caused by varying amounts and types of….
Melanin
The arrest or pili muscle is what kind of muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle tissue
Muscle contraction of the arrector pili muscle causes hair to…
stand up
The skin is pushed up by movement of the…
hair follicle
What type of gland?
- oily secretion
- prevents drying of skin and may inhibit bacteria
- most empty into hair follicle
Sebaceous Glands
What are the two types of Sudoriferous Glands?
Eccrine and Apocrine
What type of Sudoriferous Gland?
- open directly onto surface of skin through individual pores
- numerous in palms and soles
- aid in temperature regulation
Eccrine Glands
What type of Sudoriferous Gland?
- active at puberty
- usually open into hair follicles superficial to sebaceous gland opening
- secrete compounds that are odorless but may become odiferous when acted upon by bacteria
- numerous in locations such as the axillae
Apocrine Glands
What type of gland?
modified merocrine sweat gland
- located in external auditory meatus
- earwax (cerumen): composed of a combination of sebum and secretion from ceremonious glands
- function - in combination with hairs, prevent dirt and insects from entry
Ceruminous glands
What type of gland?
modified apocrine sweat glands (breasts)
Mammary Glands
The nail body is stratum…
Corneum
_____________ or cuticle is corneum superficial to nail body, _____________ is corneum beneath the free edge
Eponychium
Hyponychium
What two things are cells that give rise to the nail?
Matrix and Nail Bed
What is the visible portion of the nail bed and matrix (white part)?
Lunula
the nail base beneath the skin
Nail Root
Fingernails grow faster than toenails at a rate of…
0.5-1.2 mm/day
Where are Merkel Cells located?
Epidermis
Where are meissner corpuscles located?
Dermal Papillae
During temperature regulation, ______ in the dermis change diameter
Arterioles
a result of temperature regulation: blood vessels constrict to reduce heat loss
Frostbite
Where does Vitamin D production begin?
The skin
Where is Vitamin D produced?
The kidneys
Vitamin D production aids in ______ absorption
Ca2+
What 4 Dietary Sources can increase Vitamin D production?
- Dairy
- Liver
- Egg Yolks
- Supplements
What are the three skin grafts?
- Split Skin
- Artificial Skin
- Cadavers or Pigs
Epidermis and part of dermis removed from another part of the body is what kind of graft?
Split Skin Graft
What kind of graft?
- piece of healthy skin is removed from burn victim and growth is stimulated
Laboratory-grown skin
