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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Five: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter Five: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four structures that are part of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Nails
  4. Glands
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2
Q

What are the five main functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Sensation
  3. Temperature Regulation
  4. Vitamin D production
  5. Excretion
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3
Q

The superficial layer of epithelial tissue is…

A

The Epidermis

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4
Q

The deep layer of connective tissue is…

A

The Dermis

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5
Q

What layer of the skin relates with structural strength and is connected to the epidermis by the basement membrane?

A

Dermis

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6
Q

What part of the skin is loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures?

A

Subcutaneous Tissue/Hypodermis

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7
Q

The epidermis is avascular, nourished by diffusion from capillaries of the ______________ layer of the dermis

A

Papillary Layer

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8
Q

The epidermis is composed of cells that are arranged into different layers called…

A

Strata

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9
Q

The epidermis is separated from the dermis by the…

A

Basement Membrane

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10
Q

What type of molecules in the basement membrane attach the epidermis to the dermis?

A

Adhesion Molecules

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11
Q

What type of cell produces the fibrous protein Keratin?

A

Keratinocytes

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12
Q

Majority of cells in the epidermis are….

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

What type of cell produces melanin to protect against UV light and contributes to skin color?

A

Melanocytes

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14
Q

What type of cells resident macrophages that assist in immunity?

A

Langerhans Cells

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15
Q

What type of cells relate to touch receptors?

A

Merkel Cells

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16
Q

The process by which cells move outward through the layers of the epidermis

A

Keratinization

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17
Q

In keratinization: as they migrate to the surface, they fill with _______, _______, and become a layer that resists abrasion and forms a _____________ ________

A

Keratin
Die
Permeability Layer

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18
Q

What skin disease is caused by a malfunction in keratinization?

A

Psoriasis

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19
Q

Skin cells in Psoriasis are replaces every ________ days rather than the usual __________ days

A

3-5
20-30

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20
Q

What type of Epidermal Strata?
- deepest portion of epidermis
- single layer of highly mitotic stem cells
- merkel cells and melanocytes are also located in this layer
- hemidesmosomes anchor cells to basement membrane

A

Stratum Germinativum

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21
Q

What type of Epidermal Strata?
- limited cell division
- desmosomes break and reform
- lamellar bodies and keratin accumulate

A

Stratum Spinosum

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22
Q

lipid-filled organelles

A

Lamellar Bodies

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23
Q

What type of Epidermal Strata?
- contains protein granules of keratohyalin
- lamellar bodies release lipid contents to form a water-proof barrier
- in superficial layers nucleus and other organelles degenerate and cell dies

A

Stratum Granulosum

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24
Q

Promotes aggregation and cross-linking of keratin fibers

A

Keratohyalin

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25
Q

What type of Epidermal Strata?
- thin, clear zone found only in thick skin

A

Stratum Lucidum

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26
Q

What type of Epidermal Strata?
- 25-30 layers of dead flattened cells
- most superficial and consists of cornified cells
- desmosomes eventually break and cells are sloughed off the surface

A

Stratum Corneum

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27
Q

Dead cells with a hard protein envelope; filled with Keratin

A

Cornified Cells

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28
Q

What type of skin?
- has all 5 epithelial strata
- found in areas subject to pressure or friction
- fingerprints and footprints; epidermal ridges interlock with dermal papillae

A

Thick Skin

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29
Q

What type of skin?
- Lacks Stratum Lucidum
- Covers rest of body
- More flexible than thick skin
- Hair grows here

A

Thin Skin

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30
Q

Skin color is determined by these 3 factors:

A
  1. Pigments
  2. Dermal blood circulation
  3. Thickness of Stratum Corneum
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31
Q

What are the two pigments that relate to skin color?

A

Melanin and Carotene

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32
Q

Yellow pigment that comes from vegetables

A

Carotene

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33
Q

This pigment provides for protection against UV light, is a group of chemicals derived from tyrosine, and colored brown to black, may be yellowish or reddish

A

Melanin

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34
Q

These cells have processes that extend between keratinocytes
- there are the same number of these cells in all people, the activity of these cells is what determines skin color

A

Melanocytes

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35
Q

Imparts reddish hue and increases during blushing, anger, and inflammation is caused by…

A

Blood Circulation through skin

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36
Q

Thicker areas being yellowish is caused by…

A

Thickness of Stratum Corneum

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37
Q

What skin pathology: redness due to inflammation

A

Erythema

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38
Q

What skin pathology: blue skin due to lack of oxygen

A

Cyanosis

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39
Q

What skin pathology: yellow skin due to presence of toxins in the blood

A

Jaundice

40
Q

What skin pathology: genetic mutation that causes a deficiency or absence of pigment

A

Albinism

41
Q

What type of Skin Cancer?
- most common type of skin cancer
- affects cells in the Stratum Basale

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

42
Q

What type of Skin Cancer?
- affects cells in the Stratum Spinosum?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

43
Q

What type of Skin Cancer?
- arise form melanocytes
- most deadly type of skin cancer

A

Melanoma

44
Q

The Dermis provides structural __________

A

strength

45
Q

The dermis provides structural strength through connective tissue with these three things:

A
  1. Fibers
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Macrophages
46
Q

What layer of the skin contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels?

A

Dermis

47
Q

What layer of the skin has sensory functions: pain, itch, tickle, temperature, touch, pressure, two-point discrimination?

A

Dermis

48
Q

What are the two layers of the Dermis?

A

Papillary and Reticular

49
Q

What layer of the Dermis?
- areolar tissue with lots of elastic fibers
- dermal papillae, capillary beds
- touch receptors (Meissner), free nerve endings sensing pain

A

Papillary

50
Q

What layer of the Dermis?
- dense irregular connective tissue
- collagen and elastic fibers
- some adipose, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors

A

Reticular

51
Q

What type of tissue?
- deep to skin
- consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
- contains adipocytes
- Also known as: Hypodermis or Superficial Fascia

A

Subcutaneous Tissue

52
Q

What are the three functions of Subcutaneous Tissue?

A
  • Energy Source
  • Insulation
  • Padding
53
Q

What type of hair is long and course?

A

Terminal Hair

54
Q

What type of hair is short and fine?

A

Vellus Hair

55
Q

The hair shaft ________ above skin surface

A

protrudes

56
Q

Root of hair is located below surface; base of root is called the…

A

Hair Bulb

57
Q

What are the three layers of the hair shaft?

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
58
Q

What layer of the hair shaft is the central axis?

A

Medulla

59
Q

What layer of the hair shaft forms the bulk of hair?

A

Cortex

60
Q

What layer of the hair shaft forms the hair surface?

A

Cuticle

61
Q

What part of the hair follicle is part of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath?

A

Dermal Root Sheath

62
Q

What part of the hair follicle has both internal and external parts?

A

Epithelial Root Sheath

63
Q

What part of Epithelial Root Sheath?
- contains all epithelial parts near surface and fewer closer to the bulb

A

External Part

64
Q

What part of Epithelial Root Sheath?
- contains stratum basale that may remain after injury and supply a source of new epidermis

A

Internal Part

65
Q

What part of the hair structure?
- internal matrix is source of hair
- dermis projects into bulb and is blood supply

A

Hair Bulb

66
Q

What are the two hair cycles?

A

Growth and Rest Cycles

67
Q

What type of hair cycle?
- cells added at base and hair elongates; average rate is 0.3 mm/day

A

Growth Cycle

68
Q

What type of hair cycle?
- follicle shortens and holds hair in place; after resting period, hair falls out of follicle

A

Rest Cycle

69
Q

Regular hair loss means hair is being…

A

replaced

70
Q

Permanent hair loss =

A

pattern baldness

71
Q

Hair color is caused by varying amounts and types of….

A

Melanin

72
Q

The arrest or pili muscle is what kind of muscle tissue?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

73
Q

Muscle contraction of the arrector pili muscle causes hair to…

A

stand up

74
Q

The skin is pushed up by movement of the…

A

hair follicle

75
Q

What type of gland?
- oily secretion
- prevents drying of skin and may inhibit bacteria
- most empty into hair follicle

A

Sebaceous Glands

76
Q

What are the two types of Sudoriferous Glands?

A

Eccrine and Apocrine

77
Q

What type of Sudoriferous Gland?
- open directly onto surface of skin through individual pores
- numerous in palms and soles
- aid in temperature regulation

A

Eccrine Glands

78
Q

What type of Sudoriferous Gland?
- active at puberty
- usually open into hair follicles superficial to sebaceous gland opening
- secrete compounds that are odorless but may become odiferous when acted upon by bacteria
- numerous in locations such as the axillae

A

Apocrine Glands

79
Q

What type of gland?
modified merocrine sweat gland
- located in external auditory meatus
- earwax (cerumen): composed of a combination of sebum and secretion from ceremonious glands
- function - in combination with hairs, prevent dirt and insects from entry

A

Ceruminous glands

80
Q

What type of gland?
modified apocrine sweat glands (breasts)

A

Mammary Glands

81
Q

The nail body is stratum…

A

Corneum

82
Q

_____________ or cuticle is corneum superficial to nail body, _____________ is corneum beneath the free edge

A

Eponychium
Hyponychium

83
Q

What two things are cells that give rise to the nail?

A

Matrix and Nail Bed

84
Q

What is the visible portion of the nail bed and matrix (white part)?

A

Lunula

85
Q

the nail base beneath the skin

A

Nail Root

86
Q

Fingernails grow faster than toenails at a rate of…

A

0.5-1.2 mm/day

87
Q

Where are Merkel Cells located?

A

Epidermis

88
Q

Where are meissner corpuscles located?

A

Dermal Papillae

89
Q

During temperature regulation, ______ in the dermis change diameter

A

Arterioles

90
Q

a result of temperature regulation: blood vessels constrict to reduce heat loss

A

Frostbite

91
Q

Where does Vitamin D production begin?

A

The skin

92
Q

Where is Vitamin D produced?

A

The kidneys

93
Q

Vitamin D production aids in ______ absorption

A

Ca2+

94
Q

What 4 Dietary Sources can increase Vitamin D production?

A
  1. Dairy
  2. Liver
  3. Egg Yolks
  4. Supplements
95
Q

What are the three skin grafts?

A
  1. Split Skin
  2. Artificial Skin
  3. Cadavers or Pigs
96
Q

Epidermis and part of dermis removed from another part of the body is what kind of graft?

A

Split Skin Graft

97
Q

What kind of graft?
- piece of healthy skin is removed from burn victim and growth is stimulated

A

Laboratory-grown skin

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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