Chapter Eight: Tendons and Ligaments Flashcards
What are the three structural classes of joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
Joints are a type of ______________ tissue that binds bones
Connective
Name the three functional classes of joints:
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
What type of joint?
- united by fibrous connective tissue
- have no joint cavity
- move little or none
Fibrous Joints
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Gomphoses
What type of fibrous joint?
- opposing bones interdigitate
- in adults may ossify completely; synotosis
- fontanels: membranous areas in the suture between bones
Sutures
What type of fibrous joint?
- bones farther apart than suture and joined by ligaments
- some movement may occur
- examples: radioulnar (inerosseus membrane)
Syndesmoses
What type of fibrous joint?
- pegs that fit into sockets
- periodontal ligaments: holds teeth in place
Gomphoses
What functional class of joints: non-moveable
synarthrosis
What functional classes of joints: slightly moveable
Amphiarthrosis
What functional class of joints: freely moveable
Diarthrosis
Name the three types of synovial joints:
- Uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Multiaxial
What type of synovial joint: occurring around one axis
uniaxial
What type of synovial joint: occurring around two axes at the right angles to each other
Biaxial
What type of synovial joint: occurring around several axes
Multiaxial
What type of joint?
- biaxial
- modified ball-and-socket; articular surfaces are ellipsoid (one convex, one concave)
- EX: atlantooccipital
Ellipsoid (Condyloid)
What type of joint?
- multiaxial
- articular surface of one bone is ball-shaped and fits into a cup-shaped articular surface of the opposing bone
- widest range of motion
- EX: glenohumeral (shoulder) and coxofemoral (hip)
Ball + Socket
What is an example of a compound hinge joint?
Humeroulnar Joint
What are two examples of pivot joints?
Humeroidal Joint and Proximal Radioulnar Joint
The shape of the trochlear notch and trochlea limit movement to ________________ and _______________
extensions and flexion
The rounded head of the radius allows for _________________ and _________________
pronation and supination
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Ellipsoid (Condyloid)
What are the movements of the knee joint?
- flexion
- extension
- small amount of rotation
Within the knee joint, what is this?
- fibrocartilaginous pads in the knee to absorb shock
menisci
Within the knee joint, what is this?
- extend between intercondylar eminence of tibia and fossa of the femur
Cruciate Ligaments
What are the two types of cruciate ligaments?
anterior and posterior
What kind of cruciate ligament?
- ACL: prevents anterior displacement of tibia
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
What kind of cruciate ligament?
- PCL: prevents posterior displacement of tibia
Posterior Cruciate Ligaments
Medial + lateral collateral + popliteal ligaments: along with tendons of __________ muscles strengthen the joint
thigh
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
What type of cartilaginous joint is made of hyaline cartilage?
Synchondroses
What type of Cartilaginous joint is made of fibrocartilage?
Symphyses
What type of cartilaginous joint?
- joined by hyaline cartilage
- little or no movement
Synchondroses
What type of Cartilaginous Joint?
- fibrocartilage unites two bones
- slightly moveable
EX: pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
Sympheses
What type of hyaline cartilage, that provides a smooth surface, is found in Synovial Joints?
Articular Cartilage
What type of cavity encloses articular surfaces?
Joint Cavity
What are the two parts of the capsule in synovial joints?
Fibrous Capsule and Synovial Membrane
What type of capsule?
- dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous Capsule
What type of membrane?
- thin delicate membrane lining inside of joint capsule
- secretes synovial fluid
Synovial Membrane
Complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat and phagocytic cells
- no blood vessels or nerves in articular cartilages; nutrients come from nearby blood vessels and synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
What type of arthritis?
- inflammation of the synovial membrane
- membrane becomes inflames and thickened pain and swelling
- may result in bone erosion and joint deformity
Rheumatoid Arthritis
What type of joint?
- biaxial
- reciprocally concave/convex (resembling two horse saddles)
- fit together because one surface is rotated at 90 degree angle to the other
- EX: thumb and carpometacarpal pollicis
Saddle Joints
What type of joint?
- uniaxial
- some rotation possible but limited by surrounding structures
- EX: intervertebral
Plane or Gliding Joints
What type of joint?
- Combination plane and ellipsoid joint
Temporomandibular Joint
What joint has these movements?
- depression
- elevation
- excursion
- protraction
- retraction
Temporomandibular Joint
What joint?
- fibrocartilage disk divides joint into superior and inferior cavities
- TMJ disorders - cause of most chronic orofacial pain
Temporomandibular Joint
What type of joint is the hip (coxal) joint?
ball-and-socket
What type of joint has these movements?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- rotation
- circumduction
Hip (coxal) joint
Is the hip (coxal) joint more or less stable than the shoulder joint?
more
Is the hip (coxal) joint more or less mobile than the shoulder joint?
less
Acetabulum deepened by what three things?
Fibrocartilage
Acetabular Labrum
Transverse Acetabular Ligament
