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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Eleven: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter Eleven: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Maintaining Homeostasis
  2. Receiving Sensory Input
  3. Integrating Information
  4. Controlling Muscles and Glands
  5. Establishing and Maintaining
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2
Q

Name the Four things that compose the Nervous System:

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
  3. Nerves
  4. Sensory Receptors
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3
Q

The Central Nervous System is composed of what two things?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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4
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is composed of what two things?

A

Sensory Receptors and Nerves

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5
Q

What is this?
- ending of neurons or separate, specialized cells
- detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, and odors

A

Sensory Receptors

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6
Q

What is this?
- a bundle of axons and their sheaths that connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

A

Nerve

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7
Q

What type of nerve?
- originate from the brain; 12 pairs

A

Cranial Nerves

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8
Q

What kind of nerve?
- originate from spinal cord; 31 pairs

A

Spinal nerves

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9
Q

What is this?
- Collection of neuron cell bodies outside CNS

A

Ganglion

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10
Q

What is this?
- extensive network of axons, and sometimes neuron cell bodies, located outside CNS

A

Plexus

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory and Motor

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12
Q

What division of the PNS?
- transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS

A

Sensory

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13
Q

What division of the PNS?
- transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands)

A

Motor

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14
Q

The sensory division of the PNS is also known as…

A

afferent

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15
Q

The motor division of the PNS is also knows as the…

A

Efferent

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16
Q

What is this?
- from CNS to skeletal muscles
- voluntary
- cell body in CNS and axon extends muscle
- Single Neuron System
- Synapse

A

Somatic Nervous System

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17
Q

What is this?
- one neuron runs from CNS to effector

A

Single Neuron System

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18
Q

What is this?
- junction of a nerve cell with another cell. E.g., neuromuscular junction is a synapse between a neuron and skeletal muscle cell

A

Synapse

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19
Q

What is this?
- from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and certain glands
- subconscious or involuntary control

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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20
Q

What Nervous system is the Two neuron system a part of?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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21
Q

What is this?
- first neuron from CNS to ganglion
- second neuron from ganglion to effector

A

Two Neuron System

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22
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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23
Q

What division of ANS?
- prepares body for physical activity

A

Sympathetic

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24
Q

What division of ANS?
- regulates resting or vegetative functions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder

A

Parasympathetic

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25
Q

What is this?
- plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract
- can control the digestive tract independently of the CNS
- considered part of ANS because parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons contribute to the plexi

A

Enteric Nervous System

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26
Q

What type of cell?
- support and protect neurons

A

Glial Cells

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27
Q

What is this?
- also known as nerve cells
- receive stimuli and transmit action potentials

A

Neurons

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28
Q

What are the three parts of the neuron?

A
  1. Cell Body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
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29
Q

What part of the neuron is responsible for input?

A

Dendrites

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30
Q

What part of a neuron is responsible for output?

A

Axons

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31
Q

What part of the Neuron Cell Body (Soma)?
- short, often highly branched

A

Dendrites

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32
Q

What part of the Neuron Cell Body?
- has rough E.R: primary site of protein synthesis

A

Nissl Substance

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33
Q

What part of the Neuron Cell Body?
- small protuberance where axons synapse with dendrite

A

Dendritic Spines

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34
Q

What are the five parts of the Axon?

A
  1. Trigger Zone
  2. Axoplasm
  3. Axolemma
  4. Presynaptic Terminals
  5. Synaptic Vesicles
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35
Q

What part of the axon?
- site where action potentials are generated
- axon hillock
- initial segment: beginning of axon

A

Trigger Zone

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36
Q

What part of the axon?
- cytoplasm

A

Axoplasm

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37
Q

What part of the axon?
- Plasma Membrane

A

Axolemma

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38
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Interneurons
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39
Q

What type of neuron?
- action potentials toward CNS

A

Sensory or Afferent

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40
Q

What type of neuron?
- action potentials away from CNS

A

Motor or Efferent

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41
Q

What type of neuron?
- located within CNS and connect one neuron to another

A

Interneurons or Association Neurons

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42
Q

What are the three structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Pseudo-unipolar
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43
Q

What structural classification of neurons?
- most neurons in CNS; motor neurons

A

Multipolar

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44
Q

What structural classification of neurons?
- sensory neurons in retina of the eye and nose

A

Bipolar

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45
Q

What structural classification of neurons?
- sensory neuron of peripheral nervous system

A

Pseudo-unipolar

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46
Q

Glial Cells if the CNS: Astrocytes
- processes form _________ that cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia matter

A

feet

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47
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Astrocytes
- Regulate what substances reach the CNS from the…

A

blood

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48
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Astrocytes
- produce chemicals that promote __________ _______________ to form blood-brain barrier

A

tight junctions

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49
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Astrocytes
- regulate extracellular brain __________ composition

A

fluid

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50
Q

Glial cells of the CNS: Astrocytes
- integral in healing following damage and stores…

A

Glycogen

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51
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Ependymal Cells
- Lines brain ventricles and ___________ _________ central canal

A

spinal cord

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52
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Ependymal Cells
- specialized versions of ependymal form choroid….

A

plexuses

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53
Q

What part of Ependymal Cells secretes cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Choroid Plexus

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54
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Ependymal Cells
- ___________ help move fluid through the cavities of the brain

A

Cilia

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55
Q

Glial Cells of the CNS: Ependymal Cells
- Have long processes on basal surface that extend within the __________ tissue, may have astrocyte-like functions

A

brain

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56
Q

What type of Glial Cell of the CNS?
- specialized macrophages
- responds to inflammation, phagocytize necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and foreign substances that invade the CNS

A

Microglia

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57
Q

What type of Glial Cell of the CNS?
- have cytoplasmic extensions that surround axons
- form myelin sheaths if surrounding axon
- single (of these) can form myelin sheaths around portions of several axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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58
Q

What type of Glial Cell of the PNS?
- wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath
- wrap around many times
- during developments, as cells grow around axon, cytoplasm is squeezed out and multiple layers of cell membrane wrap the axon

A

Schwann Cells

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59
Q

What type of Glial Cell of the PNS?
- surround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia
- provide support and nutrients
- help control microenvironment
- protect neurons from heavy metals

A

Satellite Cells

60
Q

What type of axon?
- myelin protects and insulates axons from one another, speeds transmission, functions in repair of axons
- not continuous - nodes of ranvier
- degeneration of myelin sheaths occur in multiple sclerosis and some cases of diabetes mellitus

A

Myelinated Axons

61
Q

What type of axon?
- rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocyytes
- not wrapped around the axon
- gray matter

A

Unmyelinated Axon

62
Q

What nervous system?
- capable of axon regeneration following injury
- Schwann cells secrete substances required for regeneration

A

PNS

63
Q

What nervous system?
- axon regeneration is very limited

A

CNS

64
Q

What type of matter?
- unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites, glia
- PNS
- Brain
- Spine

A

Gray Matter

65
Q

What type of matter?
- myelinated axons
- CNS
- Brain
- Spine

A

White Matter

66
Q

Gray matter, in the brain, is located in the…

A

outer cortex and inner nuclei

67
Q

Gray matter in the spine is in the…

A

deeper portion

68
Q

Gray matter in the PNS is in the….

A

ganglia

69
Q

White matter, in the CNS, is located in….

A

nerve tracts that propagate action potentials from one area to another

70
Q

White matter in the brain is located….

A

deeper

71
Q

White matter in the spine is located more…

A

superficial

72
Q

Cells produce electrical signals called….

A

Action Potentials

73
Q

Electrical properties result from what two things?

A
  1. Ionic concentration differences across plasma membrane
  2. Permeability of membrane
74
Q

Ion concentrations are a result of what two processes?

A
  1. Na+/K+ pump
  2. membrane permeability
75
Q

High concentration of Na and Cl- ions __________ and high concentration of K+ and proteins on the inside

A

outside

76
Q

Steep concentration gradient of Na+ and K+, but in ____________ directions

A

opposite

77
Q

Proteins are synthesized ________ the cell

A

inside

78
Q

Proteins are ____________ charged

A

negatively

79
Q

Gated ion channels open and close because of some sort of ____________

A

stimulus

80
Q

When gated ion channels open, they change the __________________ of the cell membrane

A

permeability

81
Q

In Leaky Ion Channels, protein repels Cl-, they move…

A

out

82
Q

In Leaky Ion Channels, the concentration of K+ is higher inside than out; move…

A

out

83
Q

In Leaky Ion Channels, the concentration of Na+ is higher outside than in; move….

A

in

84
Q

Leaky Ion channels:
always open and responsible for permeability when membrane is at….

A

rest

85
Q

To establish resting membrane potential, the number of charged molecules ions inside and outside the cell need to be nearly…

A

equal

86
Q

To establish resting membrane potential, the concentration of K+ needs to be higher _________ than __________ the cell and the opposite for Na+

A

inside
outside

87
Q

What is this?
- unequal distribution of charge exists between the immediate inside and immediate outside of the plasma membrane: 70 to -90mV

A

Potential Difference

88
Q

At equilibrium, there is very __________ movement of K+ or other ions across the plasma membrane

A

little

89
Q

Establishing the Resting Potential:
K+ leaks out down…

A

concentration gradient

90
Q

Establishing the Resting Potential:
K+ leaks in due to attraction to…

A

proteins

91
Q

What three things do not have a great effect on resting potential since there are very few leakage channels for these ions?

A
  1. Na+
  2. Cl-
  3. Ca2+
92
Q

Ion concentrations are maintained by what kind of pump?

A

Na/K

93
Q

Establishing the Resting Potential:
For each ATP that is consumes, three ____ moved out, two ____ moved in

A

Na
K+

94
Q

Establishing the Resting Potential:
Outside of the plasma membrane is slightly…

A

positive

95
Q

Gated Ion channels open and close because of some sort of….

A

stimulus

96
Q

Gated Ion Channels influence the _____________ of the cell membrane

A

permeability

97
Q

What kind of gated ion channel?
- open or close in response to ligand such as ACh binding to receptor protein
- receptor proteins are usually glycoproteins. E.g., acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptor on a Na+ channel
- Channel opens, Na+ enters the cell

A

Ligand-gated

98
Q

What kind of gated ion channel?
- open or close in response to small voltage changes across the cell membrane
- at rest, membrane is (-) on the inside compared to outside
- when cell is stimulated, that relative charge changes and these channels either open or close
- Types: Na+, K+, Ca2+

A

Voltage-gated

99
Q

What kind of gated ion channel?
- respond to touch and other forms of mechanical stimulation of the skin

A

Mechanically-gated channels

100
Q

What kind of gated ion channel?
- respond to temperature changes in the skin

A

Temperature-gated

101
Q

What is this?
- potential difference becomes smaller or less polar

A

Depolarization

102
Q

What is this?
- potential difference returns to normal

A

Repolarization

103
Q

What is this?
- Potential difference becomes greater or more polar

A

Hyperpolarization

104
Q

Changing the resting membrane potential: K+
- in resting membrane, K+ movement in and out through the leakage channels is…

A

equal

105
Q

Changing the Resting Membrane Potential: K+
- If gated K+ channels open, more K+ diffuses out but this is opposed by the negative charge that starts to develop as the K+ diffuses out which causes…

A

Hyperpolarization

106
Q

Changing the Resting Membrane Potential: Na+
- Change the concentration of Na+ inside or outside the cell -> little effect because few leak and gated channels remain…

A

closed

107
Q

Changing the Resting Membrane Potential: Na+
- when gates open, Na+ diffuses in, ________________ the membrane

A

depolarizing

108
Q

Changing the Resting Membrane Potential: Ca2+
- If extracellular Ca2+ concentration decreases -> Na+ gates open ->….

A

depolarization

109
Q

Changing the Resting Membrane Potential: Ca2+
- If extracellular concentration of Ca2+ increases -> Na+ gates close -> ______________ or __________________

A

repolarization
hyperpolarization

110
Q

Changing the Resting Membrane Potential: Ca2+
- If gated Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ diffuses into the cell, causing…

A

depolarization

111
Q

What five things do graded (local) potentials result from?

A
  1. Ligands binding to receptors
  2. Changes in charge across membrane
  3. Mechanical Stimulation
  4. Temperature Changes
  5. Spontaneous change in permeability
112
Q

Graded potentials:
- magnitude varies from small to large can depend on one of these three things…

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Strength
  3. Frequency
113
Q

Graded (local) potentials can ________ or add onto each other

A

summate

114
Q

Graded (local) potentials can cause…

A

action potentials

115
Q

Depolarization phase is followed by the….

A

repolarization phase

116
Q

Depolarization, in terms of action potentials, is more…

A

positive

117
Q

Repolarization, in terms of action potentials, is more…

A

negative

118
Q

Afterpotential, in terms of action potentials, has slight…

A

hyperpolarization

119
Q

A large enough graded potential may cause the membrane to reach…

A

Threshold

120
Q

What is this?
- no matter how strong the stimulus, as long as it is greater than threshold, then an action potential will occur

A

All-or-none principle

121
Q

Depolarization Phase:
What kind of Voltage gated channels open rapidly as the threshold is reached?

A

Na+

122
Q

Depolarization Phase: Voltage-gated Na+ channels
- activation gate: allows Na+ to diffuse in; opens at…

A

threshold

123
Q

Depolarization Phase: Voltage-gated Na+ channels
- inactivation gate: open during rest and depolarization; closed during _______________ to prevent passage of Na+

A

repolarization

124
Q

Depolarization Phase:
What is this?
- Na+ diffuses into cell, causing depolarization
- Depolarization causes more voltage-gated Na+ channels to open -> more Na+ diffuses into the cell

A

Positive Feedback

125
Q

Voltage-gated K+ channels open at threshold and open at the same time as Na+ but more ____________. More Na+ diffuses into the cell than K+ diffuses out

A

slowly

126
Q

Repolarization phase:
Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close -> decreased Na+ into cell ->…

A

repolarization

127
Q

Repolarization Phase:
- Voltage-gated K+ channels continue to open > increased K+ out of the cell —>…

A

Repolarization

128
Q

Repolarization Phase:
Return of resting membrane potential causes activation gates in voltage-gated Na+ channels to __________ and inactivation gated to __________

A

close
open

129
Q

What is this?
- sensitivity of area to further stimulation decreases for a time

A

Refractory Period

130
Q

What are the two types of Refractory Periods?

A

Absolute and Relative

131
Q

What type of Refractory Period?
- complete insensitivity exists to another stimulus
from beginning of action potential until near end of repolarization
- no matter how strong the stimulus, a send action potential cannot be produced

A

Absolute

132
Q

What type of Refractory Period?
- period of hyperpolarization
- voltage-gated K+ channels still open
- A stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential

A

Relative

133
Q

Action Potential Frequency:
Threshold stimulus generates a…

A

single action potential

134
Q

Action Potential Frequency:
Strength of stimulus is measured by ____________ and ______________ of action potentials

A

frequency and duration

135
Q

Action Potential Frequency:
Stronger stimulus -> increased…

A

action potential frequency

136
Q

Graded potentials at trigger zone cause action potential if they reach…

A

threshold

137
Q

Action potential in one site causes action potential at the next location. It cannot go backwards because initial action potential site is in a _____________ period which ensures one-way conduction of impulse

A

Refractory Period

138
Q

Saltatory Conduction occurs in myelinated…

A

axons

139
Q

Saltatory Conduction:
Action potentials form at one node of…

A

Ranvier

140
Q

Saltatory Conduction
Current travels through _______________ region

A

myelinated

141
Q

Saltatory Conduction
Action potentials form at each successive node of…

A

Ranvier

142
Q

The speed of conduction is faster in ____________ than in non-myelinated

A

myelinated

143
Q

In myelinated axons, _________ act as insulation forcing ionic currents to jump from node to node

A

lipids

144
Q

In myelinated axons, speed is affected by thickness of the…

A

myelin sheath

145
Q

The diameter of axons is large and conducts ____________ than small-diameter

A

faster

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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