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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Three: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four functions of the cell?

A
  1. metabolism and energy use
  2. synthesis of molecules
  3. communication
  4. reproduction and inheritance
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2
Q

Is the outside of the plasma membrane positively or negatively charged?

A

positively

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3
Q

combinations of carbohydrates and lipids (glycolipids) and proteins (glycoproteins) on outer surface

A

Glycocalyx

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4
Q

amount of this determines the fluid nature of the membrane

A

cholesterol

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5
Q

this has a bilayer; is amphipathic, and has polar heads with nonpolar tails

A

phospholipids

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6
Q

allows cells to identify one another or other molecules
- distinguish between self and foreign cells
- recognition of oocyte by sperm cell
- intercellular communication

A

Marker Proteins:
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

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7
Q

extend deep into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other and can form channels through the membrane

A

Integral/Intrinsic membrane proteins

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8
Q

attached to integral proteins or to polar heads of phospholipids at either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral/Extrinsic Membrane Proteins

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9
Q

What are the six types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. markers
  2. attachment points
  3. channels
  4. receptors
  5. enzymes
  6. carriers
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10
Q

may attach cells to other cells or to extracellular molecules
- sometimes allow communication due to contact with intracellular molecules
- important in signal transduction

A

Attachment Proteins

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11
Q

leaky/non-gated ion channels always open (responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions when the plasma membrane is at rest) gated ion channels can be opened or closed by certain stimuli

A

Channel Proteins

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12
Q

open in response to small molecules that bind to proteins or glycoproteins

A

Ligand gated ion channel

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13
Q

open when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane

A

voltage-gated ion channel

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14
Q

Hydrophobic regions face outward toward hydrophobic part of plasma membrane, hydrophobic regions face inward and line the tunnel, allow movement of materials through the plasma membrane

A

Transport Proteins

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15
Q

What are the three types of transport proteins?

A
  1. Channel Proteins
  2. Carrier Proteins
  3. ATP-powered pumps
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16
Q

these are also called transporters
- integral proteins move ions from one side of membrane to another

A

Carrier proteins

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17
Q

The three steps of carrier proteins?

A
  1. specific molecule enters the carrier
  2. molecule attaches to binding site in the carrier
  3. protein changes shape to transport to the other side, resumes original shape after transport
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18
Q

What are the three types of carrier proteins?

A
  1. uniporters
  2. symporters
  3. antiporters
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19
Q

what type of carrier protein moves one particle?

A

uniporters

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20
Q

what type of carrier protein moves two particles in the same direction at the same time?

A

symporters

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21
Q

what type of carrier protein moves two particles in opposite directions are the same time?

A

antiporters

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22
Q

requires ATP
- the use of energy allows the cell to accumulate substances by transporting against their concentration gradient
- Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy to change shape of carrier and move substance across membrane

A

ATP-Powered Transport

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23
Q
  • proteins or glycoproteins in membranes with an exposed receptor site
  • ligand can attach only to cells with that specific receptor
  • may open channels or activate intracellular signals that alter cell function
A

Receptor Proteins

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24
Q

some act to catalyze reactions at outer/inner surface of plasma membrane
EX: surface cells of small intestine produce these that digest dipeptides

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

passage of materials through plasma membrane is regulated and some molecules can pass through; others cannot

A

selective permeability

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26
Q

movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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27
Q

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to different solute concentrations on either side

A

osmosis

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28
Q

force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis; a measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis

A

osmotic pressure

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29
Q

isotonic

A

same solute concentration in solution (cell neither shrinks nor swells)

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30
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration of solutes in solution outside cell (cell shrinks)

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31
Q

Hypatonic

A

cell swells

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32
Q
  • move large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across the plasma membrane
  • amino acids and glucose in, manufactures proteins out
  • passive transport
A

Facilitated Diffusion

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33
Q
  • active transport of one ion to extracellular space allows another molecule to enter the cell by co-transport
  • ions or molecules move in same (symport) or different (antiport) direction
A

Secondary Active Transport

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34
Q
  • active transport
  • internalization of substances by formation of a vesicle
  • accumulated vesicle secretions expelled from the cell
  • types: (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis)
A

Vesicular Transport

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35
Q

supports the cell but also has to allow for movements like changes in cell shape and movements of cilia

A

Cytoskeleton

36
Q

hollow, made of tubular proteins (internal scaffold, transport of vesicles, cell division)

A

microtubules

37
Q

actin (structure, support for microvilli, contractility, movement)

A

microfilaments

38
Q

mechanical strength

A

intermediate filaments

39
Q

has attached ribosomes, proteins produced and modified, embedded in plasma membrane or secreted from the cell

A

rough ER

40
Q

no attached ribosomes, manufactures lipids detoxification

A

smooth ER

41
Q
  • composed of flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other
  • modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
  • substances packages into transport vesicles
A

Golgi Apparatus

42
Q

fuse with endocytosed vesicles, contain hydrolytic enzymes, digest material ingested by the cell or non-functional organelles

A

Lysosomes

43
Q

contain enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids, hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct of-product of breakdown, catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and O2

A

Peroxisomes

44
Q
  • cellular material outside nucleus but inside the plasma membrane
  • composed of cytosol, cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic inclusions, organelles
  • cytosol: fluid portion
A

Cytoplasm

45
Q
  • appendages projecting from cell surfaces
  • capable of movement
  • moves materials over the cell surfaces
A

Cilia

46
Q
  • membrane-bound organelle consisting of nucleoplasm surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores
  • most of the DNA in a cell is located here
  • Nucleolus: dense region within the nucleus where ribosomes are manufactured
  • membrane-bound organelle consisting of nucleoplasm surrounded by a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores
  • most of the DNA in a cell is located here
A

Nucleus

47
Q
  • major site of ATP synthesis
  • increase in number when cell energy requirements increase
  • contains DNA that codes for some of the proteins needed for production
A

Mitochondria

48
Q
  • located in centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus
  • center of microtubule formation
  • before cel division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cells and organize spindle fibers
A

Centrioles and Spindle Fibers

49
Q

similar to cilia but longer, usually only one per cell, move the cell by beating in wave-like fashion
EX: sperm cell

A

Flagella

50
Q

extension of plasma membrane, increase the cell surface area, normally many on each cell, smaller than cilia, does not move

A

Microvilli

51
Q
  • sites of protein synthesis
  • composed of a large and a small subunit
  • types: free and attached (to ER)
A

Ribosomes

52
Q

proteins fold to form a barrel-like structure with enzymatic regions on the inside surface that break down and recycle proteins in cell

A

Proteasomes

53
Q

Name the four molecules that form the plasma membrane:

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Proteins
  4. Phospholipids
54
Q

Cadherin and integrin are examples of _________ proteins

A

attachment

55
Q

Transport proteins are __________ proteins

A

integral

56
Q

3 Characteristics that pertain to transport proteins:

A
  1. Saturation
  2. Specificity
  3. Competition
57
Q

What are the two types of molecules that form the majority of the plasma membrane?

A

Proteins and phospholipids

58
Q

The transmembrane proteins with pores without gates that allow ions to pass through the membrane are called ion _____________ _____________

A

leak channels

59
Q

What are the three types of substances that require vesicles for transport across the cell membrane?

A
  1. Non-lipid soluble molecules
  2. Large molecules
  3. Small pieces of matter
60
Q

As the concentration gradient of a diffusing substance decreases, the rate of diffusion _________

A

decreases

61
Q

The sugar concentration in your glass of ice tea is very high at the bottom and low at the top. This concentration distribution is an example of a(n)….

A

concentration gradient

62
Q

The diffusion of water across a plasma membrane is an example of…

A

osmosis

63
Q

Large, non-lipid-soluble molecules and small pieces of matter are transported across the cell membrane by…

A

vesicles

64
Q

The measurement of a fluid’s resistance to flow is referred to as its….

A

viscosity or fluidity

65
Q

The force required to prevent water from moving across a cell membrane is called ________ pressure

A

osmotic

66
Q

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is…..

A

osmosis

67
Q

Large molecules move across cell membrane with the help or assistance of protein carriers. This type of transport is generally called….

A

Mediated Transport

68
Q

When a molecule diffuses across a membrane via a transporter protein and metabolic energy is not expended, this is called…

A

Facilitated Diffusion

69
Q

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of _____________ transport

A

active

70
Q

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are both forms of….

A

Endocytosis

71
Q

The uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle is called…

A

facilitated diffusion

72
Q

This viscous fluid of the cell, containing cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic inclusions, is knows as the…

A

cytosol

73
Q

What is an important function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Movement of cell organelles

74
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton produces the internal scaffolding of the cell, is involved in cell division and is a component of the centrioles and spindle fibers?

A

Microtubules

75
Q

The process in which the cell membrane forms a vesicle to draw substances into the cell is referred to as…

A

Endocytosis

76
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing the cytoskeleton

77
Q

Microtubules are hollow tubes primary made of protein units called…

A

tubulin

78
Q

How does RNA leave the nucleus?

A

Through nuclear pores

79
Q

Organelles that synthesize proteins are….

A

ribosomes

80
Q

Organs like the liver and kidney cells contain cells that are active in detoxification. These cells contain a large number of….

A

peroxisomes

81
Q

What is a proteasome?

A

a barrel-like structure in the cell that breaks down and recycles proteins

82
Q

The organelle composed f a short cylinder of nine triplets of microtubules is a…

A

centriole

83
Q

Which enzyme splices together Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

84
Q

The kinetochore is a _______ structure

A

DNA

85
Q

a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fiber on a chromosome

A

Kinetochore

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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