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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Nine: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter Nine: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of Muscle Tissue?
- Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture respiratory movements, other types of body movement
- voluntary

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

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2
Q

What kind of Muscle Tissue?
- walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, skin
- some functions: propel using, mix food in digestive tract, dilating/constricting pupils, regulating blood flow
- controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems
- autorhythmic in some locations

A

Smooth Muscle Tissue

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3
Q

What kind of Muscle Tissue?
- heart: major source of movement of blood
- authorhythmic
- controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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4
Q

What are the seven functions of the Muscular System?

A
  1. Movement of the body
  2. Maintenance of posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of body heat
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of organs and vessels
  7. Contraction of the heart
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5
Q

Ability of a muscle to shorten with force

A

Contractility

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6
Q

Capacity of muscle to respond to an electrical stimulus (from our nerves)

A

Excitability

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7
Q

Muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

Ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched

A

Elasticity

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9
Q

____________ Muscle Anatomy
- composed of muscle cells (fibers), connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
- fibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated
- striated appearance due to light and dark banding

A

Skeletal

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10
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds a whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fibers?

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

Each group of muscle fibers is called a…

A

fascicle

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13
Q

What is the layer of loose connective tissue with reticular fibers?

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

The connective tissue sheet is also known as the…

A

Muscular Fascia

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15
Q

The Muscular fascia goes from external to epimysium and holds muscles together as well as separates them into…

A

Functional Groups

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16
Q

Motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers to…

A

Contract

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17
Q

Motor neurons: nerve cells with cell bodies in brain or spinal cord; ________ extend to skeletal muscle fibers through nerves

A

Axons

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18
Q

Axons branch so that each muscle fiber is…

A

Innervated

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19
Q

Motor neurons: contact is __________________ junction

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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20
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Anatomy: several nuclei just inside…

A

Sarcolemma

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21
Q

Invaginations that connect extracellular environment to interior of muscle fibers

A

Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)

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22
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber cells are packed with _________ within cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

A

Myofibrils

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23
Q

Myofibrils are composed of myofilaments: thin filaments (_________) and thick filaments (____________)

A

actin
myosin

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24
Q

Highly ordered repeating units of myofilaments in skeletal muscle fiber

A

Sarcomeres

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25
Q

Calcium regulation and storage within skeletal muscle fibers

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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26
Q

Actin (thin) Myofilaments:
Two strands of _______ actin form a double helix extending the length of the myofilament; attached at either end of the sarcomere to the Z disc

A

fibrous actin

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27
Q

Actin (thin) Myofilaments:
Composed of G (__________) actin monomers, each of which has an active site

A

globular

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28
Q

Actin (thin) Myofilaments:
Active site can binds ________ during muscle contraction

A

myosin

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29
Q

an elongated protein winds along the groove of the F actin double helix

A

Tropomyosin

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30
Q

Troponin has three subunits, each subunit binds to one of these three…

A
  1. Actin
  2. Tropomyosin
  3. Calcium Ions
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31
Q

Troponin holds tropomyosin over the active sites on…

A

actin

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32
Q

The tropomyosin/troponin complex regulates the interaction between what two things?

A

Actin and Myosin

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33
Q

Myosin (thick) Myofilament:
Many elongated ____________ molecules shaped like golf clubs

A

myosin

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34
Q

Myosin (thick) Myofilament:
Molecule consists of myosin heavy chains wound together to form a ______ portion lying parallel to the myosin filament and _______ heads that extend laterally

A

rod
two

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35
Q

Myosin heads can bind to active sites on the actin molecules to form…

A

cross-bridges

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36
Q

Myosin heads are attached to the _____ portion by a hinge region that can bend and straighten during contraction

A

rod

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37
Q

Myosin heads are ATPase enzymes: break down _____, releasing energy

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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38
Q

Basic functional unit of muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

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39
Q

Filamentous network of protein; serves as attachment for actin myofilaments

A

Z disk

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40
Q

Elastic chains of amino acids; make muscles extensible and elastic

A

Titin filaments

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41
Q

What four things create the striated appearance in Sarcomeres?

A
  1. I Bands
  2. A bands
  3. H zone
  4. M. Line
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42
Q

Sarcomeres Striated Appearance:
form Z disks to ends of thick filaments

A

I bands

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43
Q

Sarcomeres Striated Appearance:
length of thick filaments

A

A bands

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44
Q

Sarcomeres Striated Appearance:
region in A band where acting and myosin do not overlap

A

H zone

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45
Q

Sarcomeres Striated Appearance:
middle of H zone; delicate filaments holding myosin in place

A

M line

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46
Q

Sliding Filament Model:
actin myofilaments sliding over myosin to shorten…

A

sarcomeres

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47
Q

Sliding Filament Model:
what two things do not change the length?

A

actin and myosin

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48
Q

Sliding filament model:
shortening sarcomeres responsible for skeletal muscle…

A

contraction

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49
Q

During relaxation, ______________ lengthen because of some external force, like contraction of antagonistic muscles

A

sarcomeres

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50
Q

Muscles that produce the opposite effect of lengthening during relaxation due to external force

A

Antagonistic muscles

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51
Q

axon terminal resting in an invagination of the sarcolemma

A

Synapse

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52
Q

What are the three parts of a neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Presynaptic Terminal
  2. Synaptic Cleft
  3. Postsynaptic Membrane
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53
Q

What part of the neuromuscular junction?
- axon terminal with synaptic vesicles
- synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters

A

Presynaptic terminal

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54
Q

What part of the neuromuscular junction?
- space

A

Synaptic cleft

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55
Q

What part of the neuromuscular junction?
- sarcolemma of the muscle cell

A

Postsynaptic membrane

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56
Q

What are the four parts of the “Big Picture”

A
  1. Action Potential in Neuron
  2. Stimulation of muscle fiber at the Neuromuscular Junction
  3. Action Potential in Muscle
  4. Sarcomere Contraction via Cross-Bridge Movement
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57
Q

All excitable cells are…

A

polarized

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58
Q

Polarized cells possess a difference in _________ between inside and outside

A

charge

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59
Q

Charge difference between inside and outside of the cell is known as a…

A

Membrane Potential

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60
Q

Nervous system controls muscle contractions through…

A

action potentials

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61
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials:
Membrane voltage difference across membranes (_________)

A

polarized

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62
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials:
Inside cell is more ___________ due to accumulation of large protein molecules

A

negative

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63
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials:
More ______ on inside than outside

A

K+

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64
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials:
______ leaks out but not completely because negative proteins hold some back

A

K+

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65
Q

Resting Membrane Potentials:
Outside of cell is more positive and more ______ on outside of the cell than the inside of the cell

A

Na+

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66
Q

What two kinds of pumps maintains resting membrane potentials?

A

Na+ and K+ pumps

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67
Q

What type of ion channel?
- gate is closed until neurotransmitter attaches to receptor molecule
- EX: neurotransmitters

A

Ligand-gated

68
Q

molecules that bind to receptors

A

Ligands

69
Q

Protein or Glycoprotein with a receptor site

A

Receptor

70
Q

What type of ion channel?
- open and close in response to small voltage changes across plasma membrane

A

Voltage-gated

71
Q

What inside the plasma membrane is higher than that outside the plasma membrane?

A

K+

72
Q

What outside the plasma membrane is higher than that inside the plasma membrane

A

Na+

73
Q

Plasma membrane is more permeable to what?

A

K+

74
Q

More leaky ____ channels than leaky Na+ channels, so ____ diffuses out of the cell -> inside becomes even more negative

A

K+

75
Q

________ __________ of Na+ and K+ maintains the uneven distribution of Na+ and K+ across plasma membrane

A

Active Transport

76
Q

What are the six steps of action potential?

A
  1. Excitation
  2. Ion channels open
  3. change in membrane permeability
  4. ions diffuse through channels
  5. change in charge across plasma membrane
  6. action potential
77
Q

What are the two phases of action potential?

A

Depolarization and Repolarization

78
Q

What phase of action potential?
- inside of plasma membrane becomes less negative
- if change reaches threshold, depolarization occurs

A

Depolarization

79
Q

What phase of action potential?
- return to resting membrane potential

A

Repolarization

80
Q

What principle?
- if threshold is reached, a full action potential is generated; if not, no signal is produced?

A

All-or-none principle

81
Q

What part of action potentials?
- spread from one location to another
- action potentials does not move along the membrane: new action potentials at each successive location

A

Propagate

82
Q

What part of Synaptic vesicles?
- substance released from a presynaptic membrane that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and stimulates (or inhibits) the production of an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane
- EX: Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter

83
Q

What part of Synaptic vesicles?
- a degrading enzyme in synaptic cleft that prevents accumulation of ACh

A

Acetylcholinesterase

84
Q

The first function of neuromuscular junction:
Action potential arrives and opens voltage-gated _______ channels

A

Ca2+

85
Q

The second function of neuromuscular junction:
Ca2+ initiates release of ___________ __________

A

synaptic vesicles

86
Q

The third function of neuromuscular junction:
______ released into synapse

A

Ach

87
Q

The fourth function of neuromuscular junction:
Ach opens ligand-gated _______ channels

A

Na+

88
Q

The fifth function of neuromuscular junction:
Na+ enters cell —> depolarization —> ____________ _____________

A

action potential

89
Q

The sixth function of neuromuscular junction:
Ach detaches and NA+ channels…

A

close

90
Q

The seventh function of neuromuscular junction:
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down…

A

Ach

91
Q

The eighth function of neuromuscular junction:
___________ transported to presynaptic terminal

A

Choline

92
Q

The ninth function of neuromuscular junction:
Ach is reformed from recycled choline and packaged into…

A

synaptic vesicles

93
Q

What disease of the neuromuscular junction?
- muscles contract and cannot relax
- can be caused by poisons that inhibit acetylcholinesterase

A

Spastic Paralysis

94
Q

What disease of the neuromuscular junction?
- caused when Ach cannot bind to receptors
- muscle is incapable of contracting
- EX: Myasthenia Gravis

A

Flaccid Paralysis

95
Q

Mechanism where an action potential causes muscle fiber contraction

A

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

96
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling involves what seven things?

A
  1. Sarcolemma
  2. Transverse (T) tubules
  3. Terminal Cisternae
  4. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
  5. Triads
  6. Ca2+
  7. Troponin
97
Q

invaginations of sarcolemma

A

Transverse (T) tubules

98
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum near T tubule

A

Terminal Cisternae

99
Q

What part of excitation-contraction coupling goes with the smooth ER?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

100
Q

What part of excitation-contraction coupling is T tubule, two adjacent terminal cisternae

A

Triad

101
Q

Action potential produces at the ______________ ____________ is propagates along sarcolemma (including T tubules)

A

neuromuscular junction

102
Q

Depolarization of ____ ___________ opens voltage-gated Calcium channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ diffuses into sarcoplasm

A

T tubule

103
Q

Calcium ions bind to _______ —> ________ molecules bound to actin are released —> tropomyosin is moved —> active sites on actin are exposed

A

troponin

104
Q

_______ ________ bind to exposed active sites on actin to form cross bridges

A

Myosin heads

105
Q

Muscle Relaxation:
Ca2+ moves back into the __________ _________ by active transport (requires energy)

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

106
Q

Muscle Relaxation:
_________ moves away from troponin-tropomyosin complex

A

Ca2+

107
Q

Muscle relaxation:
complex re-establishes its position and blocks…

A

binding sites

108
Q

Muscle _________
- muscle contraction in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers

A

Muscle Twitch

109
Q

What are the three phases of a muscle twitch?

A
  1. Lag/latent
  2. Contraction
  3. Relaxation
110
Q

a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it

A

Motor Units

111
Q

Large muscles have motor units with _________ muscle fibers

A

many

112
Q

Small muscles that make delicate movements contain motor units with _____ muscle fibers

A

few

113
Q

what law for muscle fibers?
- individual muscle fibers contract with equal force in response to each action potential

A

All-or-none

114
Q

What stimulus?
- no action potential; no contraction

A

Sub-threshold stimulus

115
Q

What stimulus?
- action potential; contraction

A

Threshold stimulus

116
Q

What threshold?
- action potential; contraction equal to that with threshold stimulus

A

Stronger than threshold

117
Q

Strength of whole muscle contraction is graded: ranges from ________ to _________ depending on stimulus strength

A

weak to strong

118
Q

strength of contraction depends upon recruitment of motor units

A

Multiple Motor Unit Summation

119
Q

What kind of stimuli?
- increasing number of motor units responding

A

Submaximal Stimuli

120
Q

What kind of stimuli?
- all motor units respond

A

Maximal Stimulus

121
Q

What kind of stimuli?
- all motor units respond; same as maximal stimulus

A

Supramaximal Stimuli

122
Q

Trapped is a ________ response

A

graded

123
Q

Treppe occurs in muscle ___________for prolonged period

A

rested

124
Q

Each subsequent contraction is __________ than previous until all equal after few stimuli

A

stronger

125
Q

More and more Ca2+ remains in ____________ and is not all taken up into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Sarcoplasm

126
Q

As the frequency of action potentials increase, the frequency of contraction…

A

increases

127
Q

What kind of tetanus?
- muscle fibers partially relax between contraction

A

Incomplete Tetanus

128
Q

What kind of tetanus?
- no relaxation between contractions

A

Complete Tetanus

129
Q

What kind of summation?
- muscle tension increases as contraction frequencies increase

A

Multiple-wave summation

130
Q

force applied to an object to be lifted when a muscle contracts

A

Active Tension

131
Q

what kind of muscle with active tension: not enough cross-bridging

A

stretched muscle

132
Q

what kind of muscle with active tension: myofilaments crumpled, cross-bridges can’t contract

A

Crumpled muscle

133
Q

tension applied to load when a muscle is stretched but not stimulated

A

Passive Tension

134
Q

Active tension + Passive tension

A

Total tension

135
Q

What type of muscle contraction?
- no change in length but tension increases
EX: postural muscles of body

A

Isometric

136
Q

What type of muscle contraction?
- change in length but tension constant

A

Isotonic

137
Q

What type of Isotonic muscle contraction?
- overcomes opposing resistance and muscle shortens

A

Cocentric

138
Q

What type of Isotonic muscle contraction?
- tension maintained but muscle lengthens

A

Eccentric

139
Q

What type of muscle fiber?
- contract more slowly, smaller in diameter, better blood supply, more mitochondria, more fatigue-resistant than fast-twitch, large amount of myoglobin
- postural muscles, more in lower than upper limbs, dark meat of chicken

A

Slow-twitch oxidative (Type 1)

140
Q

What type of muscle fiber?
- respond rapidly to nervous stimulation, contain myosin that can break down ATP more rapidly than that in Type 1, leads blood supply, fewer and smaller mitochondria than slow-twitch
- lower limbs in sprinter, upper limbs of most people, white meat
- comes in oxidative (Type 2a) and glycolytic (Type 2b) forms

A

Fast-twitch (Type 2)

141
Q

Hypertrophy: increase in…

A

muscle size

142
Q

Hypertrophy has an increase in what 4 things other than muscle size?

A
  1. Myofibrils
  2. Nuclei due to fusion of satellite cells
  3. Strength due to better coordination of muscles
  4. Production of metabolic enzymes, better circulation, less restriction by fat
143
Q

Atrophy is the decrease in…

A

muscle size

144
Q

Atrophy is reversible except in severe situations where…

A

cells die

145
Q

During exercise, both the metabolic rate and heat production…

A

increase

146
Q

Post exercise, metabolic rate stays _______ due to oxygen debt

A

high

147
Q

Excess heat is lose because of vasodilation and…

A

sweating

148
Q

Uncoordinated concentration of muscle fibers resulting in shaking and heat production

A

Shivering

149
Q

ATP provides immediate energy for muscle contractions; produced from what three sources?

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate
  2. Anaerobic Respiration
  3. Aerobic Repsiration
150
Q

What ATP producer?
- during resting conditions stores energy to synthesize ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

151
Q

What ATP producer?
- occurs in absence of oxygen and results in breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid

A

Anaerobic respiration

152
Q

What ATP producer?
- requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide and water
- more efficient than anaerobic

A

Aerobic Respiration

153
Q

Decreased capacity to work and reduced efficiency of performance

A

Muscle fatigue

154
Q

What are the two types of muscle fatigue?

A

Psychological and Muscular

155
Q

What type of muscle fatigue?
- depends on emotional state of individuals

A

Psychological

156
Q

What type of muscle fatigue?
- results from ATP depletion

A

Muscular

157
Q

Muscular muscle fatigue: Acidosis and aTP depletion due to either an increased ATP consumption or a…

A

decreased ATP production

158
Q

Muscular muscle fatigue: Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the build-up of excess reactive…

A

oxygen species

159
Q

Muscular muscle fatigue: local _______________ reactions

A

inflammatory

160
Q

state of fatigue where due to lack of ATP neither contraction nor relaxation can occur

A

Physiological Contracture

161
Q

Development of rigid muscles several hours after death

A

Rigor Mortis

162
Q

Rigor mortis: Ca2+ leaks into sarcoplasm and attaches to ___________ _________ and cross bridges form

A

myosin heads

163
Q

Rigor mortis: absence of _________ —> cross bridges cannot be broken down

A

ATP

164
Q

Rigor mortis: rigor ends as tissues start to…

A

deteriorate

165
Q

insufficient oxygen consumption relative to increased activity at the onset of exercise

A

Oxygen Deficit

166
Q

Oxygen taken in by the body, above that required for resting metabolism after exercise
- repays the oxygen deficit

A

Recovery Oxygen Consumption

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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