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Anatomy 213 > Chapter Twelve: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter Twelve: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the second…vertebra

A

lumbar

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2
Q

What are the four parts of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
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3
Q

The spinal cord gives rise to…pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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4
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- supplies upper limbs

A

Cervical Enlargement

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5
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- supplies lower limbs

A

Lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement

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6
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- tapered inferior end; extends to level of 2nd lumbar vertebrae

A

Condus Medullaris

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7
Q

What part of the spinal cord?
- origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

A

Cauda Equina

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8
Q

Meninges of the spinal cord are…membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain

A

connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the three parts of meninges of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
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10
Q

What part of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves; forms thecal sac

A

Dura Mater

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11
Q

What part of the Dura Mater is this?
- surrounds spinal cord; extends from foramen magnum to 2nd sacral vertebrae

A

Thecal Sac

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12
Q

What part of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- thin and wispy

A

Arachnoid Mater

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13
Q

What part of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

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14
Q

What are the two parts of Pia Mater?

A
  1. Filum Terminale
  2. Denticulate Ligaments
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15
Q

What part of the Pia Mater?
- anchors spinal cord to coccyx

A

Filum Terminale

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16
Q

What part of the Pia Mater?
- attach the spinal cord to the dura mater

A

Denticulate Ligaments

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17
Q

What are the three spaces of the meninges of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Epidural
  2. Subdural
  3. Subarachnoid
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18
Q

What space of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- contains blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and fat

A

Epidural

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19
Q

What space of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- serous fluid

A

Subdural

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20
Q

What space of the meninges of the spinal cord?
- CSF and blood vessels within web-like strands of arachnoid tissue

A

Subarachnoid

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21
Q

What type of anesthesia?
- injected into epidural space; often used during childbirth
- drugs must diffuse into CSF before they take effect
- advantage: drugs can be re-administered via catheter to maintain longer anesthesia

A

Epidural Anesthesia

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22
Q

What type of anesthesia?
- injected into subarachnoid space at L3/L4 or L4/L5
- drugs administered directly into CSF

A

Spinal Anesthesia

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23
Q

What type of Ligament of the spinal cord?
- extensions of the pia mater that attach to the dura mater
- limit lateral movement of the spinal cord

A

Denticulate Ligaments

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24
Q

What type of terminale?
- connective tissue strand that anchors conus medullaris and thecal sac to the first coccygeal vertebra
- about 20cm in length
- limits superior movement

A

Filum Terminale

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25
Q

What type of matter?
- myelinated axons organized into columns

A

White Matter

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26
Q

What are the three columns of the white matter?

A
  1. Ventral
  2. Dorsal
  3. Lateral
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27
Q

What type of matter?
- neuron, cell, cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

A

Gray Matter

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28
Q

What are the three horns of the gray matter?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
  3. Lateral
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29
Q

What part of the cross-section of the spinal cord?
- spinal nerves arise as rootlets then combine to form roots

A

Roots

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30
Q

What are the two types of roots?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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31
Q

Two roots merge laterally and form what nerve?

A

Spinal Nerve

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32
Q

What is this?
- collections of cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons forming dorsal roots

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion

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33
Q

Motor neuron cell bodies are in anterior and lateral horns of spinal cord…matter

A

Gray

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34
Q

What kind of neurons are found within the anterior motor horn?

A

Mulipolar Somatic Motor Neurons

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35
Q

What kind of neurons are found within the lateral horn?

A

Autonomic Neurons

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36
Q

Axons of motor neurons form…and pass into spinal nerves

A

ventral roots

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37
Q

A…is the basic functional unit of nervous system and simplest portion capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response

A

Reflex Arc

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38
Q

An automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought is considered to be…

A

Homeostatic

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39
Q

What are the five components of reflexes?

A
  1. Sensory Receptors
  2. Sensory Neuron
  3. Interneurons
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector Organ
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40
Q

What are the two types of reflexes?

A

Monosynaptic and Polysynaptic

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41
Q

What type of reflex?
- sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons

A

Monosynaptic

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42
Q

What type of reflex?
- multiple synapses with interneurons

A

Polysynaptic

43
Q

Some reflexes involve excitatory neurons yielding a response; some involve…neurons that prevent an action

A

inhibitory

44
Q

Higher brain centers can influence, suppress, or exaggerate…responses

A

reflex

45
Q

Muscles contract in response to a…force applied to them
- no interneuron

A

stretching

46
Q

What kind of spindle?
- specialized muscle cells that respond to stretch

A

Muscle Spindle

47
Q

Muscle spindle is innervated by motor neurons called…

A

gamma motor neurons

48
Q

Gamma motor neurons control sensitivity of…

A

muscle spindle

49
Q

…neurons innervate the non-contractile centers of the muscle spindle fibers

A

Sensory

50
Q

Sensory neurons synapse with motor neurons of the spinal cord called…which in turn innervate the muscle in which the muscle spindle is embedded

A

alpha motor neurons

51
Q

The…tendon reflex prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons

A

Golgi

52
Q

Where is the Golgi Tendon Organ located?

A

tendon near muscle

53
Q

The Golgi Tendon prevents damage to tendons that could be caused by excessive…

A

tension

54
Q

The Golgi Tendon Reflex produces a sudden…of the muscles through secretion of inhibitory neurotransmitters by interneurons onto alpha motor neurons

A

relaxation

55
Q

The function of the withdrawal reflex is to…a body limb or other part from painful stimulus

A

remove

56
Q

What is this?
- causes relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor muscle contracts
- also involved in stretch reflex

A

Reciprocal Innervation

57
Q

What is this?
- when a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb

A

Crossed Extensor Reflex

58
Q

What are the three parts of spinal nerves?

A
  1. Axon Bundles
  2. Schwann Cells
  3. Connective Tissue
59
Q

What are the three parts of spinal nerve connective tissue?

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
60
Q

What type of connective tissue of the spinal nerve?
- surrounds individual neurons

A

Endoneurium

61
Q

What type of connective tissue of the spinal nerve?
- surrounds axon groups to form fascicles

A

Perineurium

62
Q

What type of connective tissue of the spinal nerve?
- surrounds the entire nerve or funiculus

A

Epineurium

63
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

64
Q

How many cervical pairs of spinal nerves?

A

8

65
Q

How many thoracic pairs of spinal nerves?

A

12

66
Q

How many lumbar pairs of spinal nerves?

A

5

67
Q

How many sacral pairs of spinal nerves?

A

5

68
Q

How many coccygeal pairs of spinal nerves?

A

1

69
Q

What pair of spinal nerves exits vertebral column between skull and atlas?

A

the first pair

70
Q

What pair of spinal nerves exits via the sacral foramina?

A

the last pair

71
Q

Other spinal nerves exit through…

A

intervertebral foramina

72
Q

What is this?
- area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves
- may provide valuable information regarding the location of nerve damage

A

Dermatome

73
Q

What are the three branches of spinal nerves?

A
  1. Dorsal Ramus
  2. Ventral Ramus
  3. Communicating Rami
74
Q

What branch of the spinal nerve?
- innervate deep muscles of the trunk responsible for movements of the vertebral column and the connective tissue and skin near the midline of the back

A

Dorsal Ramus

75
Q

What branch of the spinal nerve?
- innervation dependent on region

A

Ventral Ramus

76
Q

What branch of the spinal nerve?
- communicate with sympathetic chain ganglia (associated with sympathetic nervous system)

A

Communicating Rami

77
Q

Ventral Ramus Thoracic Region:
form…that innervate the intercostal muscles and the skin over the thorax

A

intercostal nerves

78
Q

Ventral Ramus Remaining spinal nerve ventral rami form what five plexuses?

A
  1. Cervical Plexus
  2. Brachial Plexus
  3. Lumbar Plexus
  4. Sacral Plexus
  5. Coccygeal Plexus
79
Q

What does the Cervical Plexus consist of?

A

C1-C4

80
Q

What does the Brachial Plexus consist of?

A

C5-T1

81
Q

What does the Lumbar Plexus consist of?

A

L1-L4

82
Q

What does the Sacral Plexus consist of?

A

L4-S4

83
Q

What does the Coccygeal Plexus consist of?

A

S4, S5, C0

84
Q

…loops between C1 and C3
- nerves to the infrahyoid muscles branch from this

A

Ansa Cervicalis

85
Q

What nerve?
- From C3-C5 (cervical and brachial plexuses)
- innervates diaphragm

A

Phrenic Nerve

86
Q

What are the five branches/nerves of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Axillary
  2. Radial
  3. Musculocutaneous
  4. Ulnar
  5. Median
87
Q

The axillary nerve provides sensory innervation to the…

A

shoulder

88
Q

The radial nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior upper limb and…

A

hand

89
Q

What is this?
- Damage to radial nerve can occur when nerve is compressed between the top of the crutch and the humerus
- Symptom: Wrist Drop
- Wrist remains permanently flexed because extensors fail to function

A

Crutch Paralysis

90
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve provides sensory innervation to lateral surface of…

A

forearm

91
Q

The ulnar nerve provides sensory innervation to the…side of the hand

A

medial (ulnar)

92
Q

What is this that relates to the ulnar nerve?
- passes by medial epicondyle of humerus close to skin

A

Funny Bone

93
Q

What is this that relates to the ulnar nerve?
- loss of ulnar nerve innervation - loss of wrist flexion and finger extension

A

Claw Hand

94
Q

The median nerve provides sensory innervation to the…side of the hand (palm)

A

lateral (radial)

95
Q

What two plexuses are considered together because of their close relationship?

A

Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses

96
Q

What four major nerves exit and enter the lower limb within the Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses?

A
  1. Obturator
  2. Femoral
  3. Tibial
  4. Common Fibular (Peroneal)
97
Q

The obturator nerve provides sensory innervation to medial aspect of…

A

thigh

98
Q

The femoral nerve provides sensory innervation to anterior and lateral…leg and foot

A

thigh/medial

99
Q

The tibial and fibular nerves are bound together within a…sheath for the length of the thigh

A

Connective Tissue

100
Q

What nerve?
- tibial and fibular nerves plus their sheath

A

Sciatic Nerve

101
Q

What is this called?
- sciatic nerve may be compressed against the ischial bone causing the limb to “fall asleep”

A

Pins and Needles

102
Q

The tibial nerve provides sensory innervation to posterior leg and…surface of the foot

A

plantar

103
Q

The common fibular (peroneal) nerve provides sensory innervation to anterior and lateral leg and…of the foot

A

dorsum

Anatomy 213 (14 decks)

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