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Biology 224 > Chapter Two: The Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chapter Two: The Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter

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2
Q

What is the mass of both Neutrons and Protons?

A

1

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3
Q

What is the mass of an Electron?

A

Zero

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4
Q

What is a Neutral Atom?

A

The number of protons and electrons are the same

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5
Q

What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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6
Q

What is the Atomic Number the same as?

A

Number of protons

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7
Q

What does the Atomic Weight (Mass #) equal?

A

Neutrons + Protons

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8
Q

How do you find the number of neutrons?

A

Atomic Weights - Atomic Number = Neutrons

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9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element, who have the same number of protons and electrons, but have a different number of neutrons

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10
Q

Where are neutrons and protons located?

A

The nucleus

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11
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

Orbitals

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12
Q

What is the Octet Rule?

A

The tendency of most atoms to need 8 valence electrons for stability

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13
Q

Covalent Chemical Bonds:

A

Result from the sharing of one or more pair(s) of electrons

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14
Q

Are all compounds molecules?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Are all molecules compounds?

A

No

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16
Q

What determines how an atom combines with another atom?

A

Number of Electrons

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17
Q

Where do electrons move when they gain energy?

A

Farther from the nucleus

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18
Q

What is required to move negatively charged electrons farther away from positive protons?

A

Energy

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19
Q

How many orbitals are in the first energy level

A

One

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20
Q

How many electrons can fit in the single orbital within the first energy level

A

Two

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21
Q

How many orbitals can the second and third energy levels have?

A

Four

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22
Q

How many electrons can be held in the four orbitals within the second and third energy levels?

A

Eight

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23
Q

What are the 5 different bonds? (greatest to least)

A
  1. Covalent Bonds
  2. Ionic Bonds
  3. Hydrogen Bonds
  4. Hydrophobic Interactions
  5. van der Waals Interaction
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24
Q

What is the strength of Covalent Bonds? (Kcal/Mole)

A

50-110

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25
Q

What is the strength of Ionic Bonds? (Kcal/Mole)

A

3-7

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26
Q

What is the strength of Hydrogen Bonds? (Kcal/Mole)

A

3-7

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27
Q

What is the strength of Hydrophobic Interactions? (Kcal/Mole)

A

1-2

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28
Q

What is the strength of van der waals interaction? (Kcal/Mole)

A

1

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29
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged Atoms

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30
Q

Anions

A

negatively charges ion which has gained electron(s)

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31
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions which have lost electron(s)

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32
Q

Define Electronegativity:

A

An atom’s attraction for electrons

33
Q

What is the electronegativity of Oxygen?

A

3.5

34
Q

What is the electronegativity of Carbon?

A

2.5

35
Q

What is the electronegativity of Hydrogen?

A

2.1

36
Q

What is the electronegativity of Nitrogen?

A

3.0

37
Q

Is it polar or non-polar when electrons are shared equally?

A

Non-polar

38
Q

Is it polar or non-polar when electrons are not shared equally?

A

Polar

39
Q

What is the electronegativity difference for polar atoms?

A

0.5 to 1.6

40
Q

What is the electronegativity difference for non-polar atoms?

A

0.2 to 0.5

41
Q

What type of bond is temporary?

A

van der waals interaction

42
Q

What do ionic bonds form from?

A

The transfer of electrons between atoms (due to large differences in electronegativity)

43
Q

What is a hydrophobic interactions?

A

When non-polar molecules in an aqueous solution draw together due to their mutual hatred of water

44
Q

What does chemical properties depend on?

A

Number of electrons

45
Q

Are polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

46
Q

Are non-polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

47
Q

What is a free radical?

A

an atom or molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons in the outermost shell and is capable of independent existence.
Can cause chain reaction

48
Q

What can donate electrons to free radicals without becoming one itself?

A

Antioxidants

49
Q

True or False:
Atoms with different electronegativity will not share electrons equally

A

True

50
Q

When do Hydrogen Bonds form?

A

Result from the attraction between opposite partial charges in different molecules

51
Q

Define Endergonic

A

When energy has to be input to produce larger, more complex molecules

52
Q

Define Exergonic:

A

When energy is given off in breaking down large complex molecules to smaller, less complex molecules

53
Q

What is the measure of energy in chemical reactions?

A

Calorie

54
Q

What is a calorie

A

Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water form 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius

55
Q

Define Concentration:

A

How much substance is dissolved in water

56
Q

What is concentration measured in?

A

Molarity

57
Q

CH4

A

Methane

58
Q

C6H12O6

A

Glucose

59
Q

C6H12O6

A

Fructose

60
Q

Equation for finding how much substance is needed to make something:

A

MW x M x L

61
Q

What is Avogadro’s Number?

A

6.023 x 10^23

62
Q

Define Mole:

A

The amount of pure substance whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the Molecular Weight of the substance

63
Q

What is an acid?

A

A proton donor, when a substance gives off a proton

64
Q

What is a base?

A

Anything that accepts a proton and decreases Hydrogen Ion concentration

65
Q

What is pH a measure of?

A

How many H+ ions are present in

66
Q

What range of pH is acidic?

A

0-7
High hydrogen ion concentration

67
Q

What range of pH is basic?

A

7-14
low hydrogen ion concentration but higher hydroxyl ion concentration

68
Q

What is the neutral pH

A

7

69
Q

When the pH of a solution changes from 3 to 5 the Hydrogen ion concentration decreases by…?

A

100x

70
Q

When the pH of a solution changes from 8 to 5, the Hydrogen ion concentration increases by…?

A

1000x

71
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Compounds that resist pH changes

72
Q

What are most buffers combinations of?

A

weak acids and weak bases

73
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.4

74
Q

What decreases Hydrogen ion concentration?

A

Bases

75
Q

What increases Hydrogen ion concentration?

A

Acids

76
Q

What is the measure of pH?

A

How many Hydrogen ions are present

77
Q

What do isotopes help do?

A

Tag molecules to follow biochemical pathways and cancer treatment

78
Q

What is the equation to calculate the amount of substance needed?

A

MW x M x L

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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