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Biology 224 > Chapter Five: Membrane Structure + Synthesis + Transport > Flashcards

Chapter Five: Membrane Structure + Synthesis + Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model consists of a double layer of…

A

Phospholipids

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2
Q

Phospholipids are _______________, Fatty Acid tails are non-polar, Phosphate heads are polar

A

Amphipathic

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3
Q

Each phospholipid layer is called a…

A

Leaflet

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4
Q

Polar molecules cannot pass ______________ membrane center

A

Hydrophobic

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5
Q

Non-polar molecules can generally _____________ through membranes

A

Diffuse

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6
Q

In the Fluid Mosaic Model, proteins are embedded in the…

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

Protein content of membranes varies from _______-_______ times more Lipid molecules than protein molecules

A

15-70

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8
Q

Proteins usually determine the exact ________ of the cell’s different membranes

A

function

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9
Q

The proteins do the _______ of the membrane

A

work

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10
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins are _____ closely associated with the membrane

A

less

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11
Q

Membrane proteins are ________ bound to the membrane

A

loosely

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12
Q

Peripheral Proteins are bound by __________ or ___________ Bonds to Transmembrane Proteins or the Heads of Phospholipids

A

Hydrogen or Ionic Bonds

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13
Q

Exposed portions of Peripheral Proteins are usually __________ for binding

A

polar

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14
Q

Membranes may be ____________ with different functions

A

asymmetric

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15
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins are (more/less) closely associated with membrane

A

more

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16
Q

Exposed portions of membrane proteins are usually ________ for binding

A

non-polar

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17
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Transmembrane and Lipid-anchored Proteins

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18
Q

Transmembrane proteins transverse the membrane with domains forming…

A

alpha-helices

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19
Q

Regions of Transmembrane proteins occur on both sides of the membrane, and may be bound to the…

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Lipid-anchored proteins have a lipid ____________ attached to the protein

A

covalently

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21
Q

In lipid-anchored proteins, the lipid is inserted into the ______________ ____________ to anchor the protein

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Phospholipids in the membrane are not _______________ bound

A

covalently

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23
Q

A phospholipid can move from one end of a _________ cell to the other end in less than a second, and 5-10 seconds in a _____________ cell

A

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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24
Q

Are phospholipids allowed to freely move between leaflets?

A

no

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25
Q

Are phospholipids free to move?

A

yes

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26
Q

In order for phospholipids to freely move between leaflets, a special protein called __________ is needed to do this using energy rom ATP

A

Flippase

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27
Q

The most common phospholipids have an even number of ____________ (18-20)

A

Carbons

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28
Q

Because of the rarity for a lipid to “flip-flop” the two layers often have the (same/different) lipids

A

different

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29
Q

Up to 25% of the lipid in an animal cell membrane may be…

A

Cholesterol

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30
Q

Plant membranes contain _________________, which are structurally similar to Cholesterol

A

Phytosterols

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31
Q

There will be less Hydrophobic Interactions with what three things?

A
  1. Shorter Hydrocarbon Chains
  2. More Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Chains
  3. More Cholesterol
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32
Q

More cholesterol will make membrane more fluid at _______ temperatures

A

low

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33
Q

More cholesterol will make membrane less fluid at _________ temperatures

A

higher

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34
Q

Membrane proteins, like phospholipids can ____________ through the membrane

A

diffuse

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35
Q

Because of the membrane protein’s ___________, they do not flip-flop

A

polarity

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36
Q

Some proteins exposed to the cytoplasm attach to elements of the ____________, anchoring them in one position, restricting their movements

A

Cytoskeleton

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37
Q

_________________ in membranes occur only as Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates

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38
Q

Carbohydrates only occur in the ___________ leaflet of the Plasma Membrane

A

exterior

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39
Q

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins in the Plasma Membrane may function as _______________, identifying the cells of an organism

A

antigens

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40
Q

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins may label proteins with ___________ for cellular destinations

A

signals

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41
Q

Some cells have a thick layer of ____________ outside the Plasma Membrane

A

Carbohydrates

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42
Q

The _______________ can shield the cell from the immune system of other cells

A

Glycocalyx

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43
Q

Phospholipids are synthesized by the _____________ and inserted into the membrane

A

Smooth ER

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44
Q

After phospholipids are inserted into the ____________ leaflet, Flippase moves some to the exterior leaflet

A

Cytosolic

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45
Q

Phospholipids can be spread throughout the Endomembrane System by…

A

Lateral Diffusion

46
Q

The Nucleus is continuous with the ER, the Golgi, Plasma Membrane, Mitochondria and Chloroplast are connected by…

A

Vesicles

47
Q

Lipid Exchange Proteins can extract a lipid from one membrane, diffuse through the ______________, and insert it into any other membrane

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

The _____________ and _______________ both synthesize various types of lipids then transfer them to other organelles by Lipid Exchange Proteins

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

49
Q

Most Transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the…

A

Rough ER

50
Q

Hydrophobic alpha-helices are left in the ER membrane as they are synthesized, forming…

A

Transmembrane Proteins

51
Q

From the ER, proteins can be moved to other membranes by…

A

Vesicles

52
Q

Glycosylation of proteins occurs in what two places?

A

Rough ER and Golgi Apparatus

53
Q

Oligosaccharides are synthesized in the Lumen of the __________ on a ___________ lipid then transferred as a unit to the ___________ group of an amino acid on the protein

A

ER
Dolichol
Side

54
Q

In the ________, an Oligosaccharide chain can be synthesized and transferred to an amino acid

A

Golgi

55
Q

Proteoglycans are often secreted from the cell to help form the…

A

Extracellular Matrix

56
Q

What is involved in membrane synthesis that is also a component of Mucus?

A

Proteoglycans

57
Q

Biological Membranes because of their Hydrophobic interior, are ____________ ____________, allowing some materials to pass and others not

A

selectively permeable

58
Q

Molecules are passed through membranes by what two types of transport?

A

Passive or Active

59
Q

What kind of transport does not require the input of outside energy but depends on the Kinetic Energy of the solute molecule itself?

A

Passive

60
Q

What type of energy is the energy of molecules in motion?

A

Kinetic Energy

61
Q

All molecules are in ____________ motion

A

constant

62
Q

___________ or __________ Diffusion is the net movement of a substance form an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Simple or Passive

63
Q

The diffusion of the respiratory gases are primary examples of molecules that move by ________ or __________ Diffusion

A

Simple or Passive

64
Q

Passive Diffusion is due to…..

A

Kinetic Energy

65
Q

Rate of diffusion depends upon these four things:

A
  1. Electrical Charge
  2. Temperature
  3. Concentration
  4. Molecular Size
66
Q

In membranes transport, diffusion over _______ distances is very effective

A

short

67
Q

What type of molecules can diffuse throughout a cell?

A

Nonpolar

68
Q

What type of molecules need special means to transport them?

A

Polar

69
Q

The diffusion of macromolecules and polar molecules through membranes using proteins

A

Facilitated Diffusion

70
Q

The proteins associated with facilitated diffusion are either __________ or _____________ proteins

A

Channel or Carrier

71
Q

These proteins are transmembrane proteins that form channels through the membrane through which certain molecules/solutes can diffuse

A

Channel Proteins

72
Q

Channel proteins may be ________ and only allow transport when this is opened

A

gated

73
Q

Ligand-gated channels open when a __________ molecule is bound

A

signal

74
Q

The types of channels open when a membrane is depolarized, by a change in electrical charge across the membrane

A

Voltage-gated

75
Q

These type of proteins bind the solute and are then carried through the membrane, usually by a conformational change in the protein

A

Transporter Protein

76
Q

In facilitated direction, the solute can diffuse in either direction according to its….

A

Concentration Gradient

77
Q

What type of transporter transports one solute molecule?

A

Uniports

78
Q

What type of Transporter transports two in the same direction?

A

Symport

79
Q

What type of transporter transports two in different directions?

A

Antiport

80
Q

The transport of a substance against its concentration gradient with the expenditure of energy

A

Primary Active Transport

81
Q

What is the energy source often used in Primary Active Transport?

A

ATP

82
Q

What is a classic example of ATP being used in Primary Active Transport?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

83
Q

Pumping two cations at uneven rates results in an ___________ ___________ across the plasma membrane

A

electrical charge

84
Q

What type of active transport uses active transport to drive facilitated diffusion?

A

Secondary Active Transport

85
Q

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

86
Q

Water diffuses through special pores in membranes (Aquaporins) of some cells occurs in…

A

Osmosis

87
Q

Water can also hitchhike, bound to ________ when they pass through pores

A

Cations

88
Q

Water molecules pass single file through the pore, which _______ other molecules

A

excludes

89
Q

Has the same concentration so the volume does not change

A

Isotonic

90
Q

Solution has a high concentration of solute (less water) so cell loses volume

A

Hypertonic

91
Q

Solution has a lesser concentration os solute (more water) so cell gains volume

A

Hypotonic

92
Q

Brings large sized materials into cells using Vesicle formation

A

Endocytosis

93
Q

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis: Uses receptors to ____________ materials before bringing them in

A

concentrate

94
Q

In endocytosis, after the vesicle imports material from outside the cell, it can fuse with a….

A

Primary Lysosome

95
Q

In Endocytosis, macromolecules are digested to __________ before they are transported to the Cytoplasm

A

Monomers

96
Q

Discards materials from cells using vesicles

A

Exocytosis

97
Q

In exocytosis, ___________ are added to the Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipids

98
Q

Cells produce an _______________ _________ for strength and support

A

Extracellular Matrix

99
Q

Most cell junctions are composed of _______________, and play a variety of roles in cells

A

proteins

100
Q

Many cell junctions function only to hold ____________ cells together

A

adjacent

101
Q

Anchoring Junctions depend on ___________ proteins passing through the cell membrane and connecting to elements of the cytoskeleton of adjacent cells

A

Integral

102
Q

In anchoring junctions, cadherins are fibrous proteins connected to __________ _______________ in the cytoplasm

A

actin microfilaments

103
Q

In anchoring junctions, cadherins extend into the extracellular matrix where _________ ions help to bind to each other

A

Ca2+

104
Q

____________ are composed of two subunits that bind other proteins which bind to actin microfilaments in the cytoplasm

A

Integrins

105
Q

In the extracellular matrix, integrins bind to __________ which binds to elements of the matrix such as collagen fibers

A

Fibronectin

106
Q

Tight junctions form ___________ between cells

A

seals

107
Q

Tight junctions limit movement of materials through _______________ ____________

A

intercellular spaces

108
Q

Tight Junctions limit movement of proteins within the…

A

Membrane

109
Q

In Gap Junctions, __________ proteins form channels connecting the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells

A

Connexon

110
Q

What type of Junction allows passage of ions and small molecules for communication between cells?

A

Gap Junctions

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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