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Biology 224 > Chapter Seven: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter Seven: Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to what kind of energy?

A

Chemical Energy

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2
Q

Organisms which can not manufacture their own food from simple Carbon compounds

A

Heterotrophs

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3
Q

Organisms which can manufacture their own food from simple Carbon compounds

A

Autotrophs

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4
Q

What are the three reactants in Photosynthesis?

A
  1. Carbon Dioxide
  2. Water
  3. Light (energy)
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5
Q

What are the two products of Photosynthesis?

A
  1. Food (carbohydrates)
  2. Oxygen
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6
Q

What is the Photosynthesis equation?

A

H2O + CO2 -> C6H12O6 + o2

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7
Q

Light comes in particles called…

A

Photons

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8
Q

Light travels in…

A

waves

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9
Q

Wavelength is the distance from one _______ ________ to the next

A

wave peak

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10
Q

All forms of Radiant Energy, including the visible spectrum

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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11
Q

What kind of relationship is there between wavelength and energy?

A

Inverse relationship - the longer the wavelength, the less the energy

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12
Q

What is the range of wavelengths for the visible spectrum?

A

400-700 nm

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13
Q

Molecules capable of absorbing some wavelengths (colors) of light but not others

A

Pigments

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14
Q

What is the composition of white light?

A

All wavelengths (colors) of light

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15
Q

Only the wavelengths not ____________ by a pigment are reflected or transmitted to be seen

A

absorbed

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16
Q

A graph for a pigment, plotting the amount of light absorbed vs wavelength

A

Absorption Spectrum

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17
Q

A graph for a plant, plotting the photosynthetic activity (action) vs wavelength

A

Action Spectrum

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18
Q

Hydrophobic, Hydrocarbon _______ of Chlorophyll inserts Chlorophyll into the Thylakoid membrane

A

tail

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19
Q

The ______ of Chlorophyll has alternating double and single bonds that are useful for picking up and giving off extra electrons

A

head

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20
Q

These two things are groups of many copies of Chlorophyll-a and b, Carotene and Xanthophyll as accessory pigments

A

Photosystems 1 and 2

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21
Q

What has pigments arranged to pass light energy absorbed from pigments that absorb shorter wavelengths to those that absorb longer wavelengths?

A

Photosystems

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22
Q

A pair of Chlorophyll-a molecules occur in each Photosystem and ultimately ____________ the energy from other pigments

A

receive

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23
Q

What Photosystem is P700?

A

Photosystem 1

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24
Q

What Photosystem is P680?

A

Photosystem 2

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25
Q

P680 and P700 have special associations with the Photosystem’s…

A

proteins

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26
Q

Photosystems pass the high energy from electrons into the Photosystem, absorbing light, to a ____________ ____________ ____________ then molecules outside the Photosystem

A

Primary Electron Acceptor

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27
Q

Water enters plants through the ___________, traveling up the stem and to the leaves, through the Xylem making up Vascular Bundles

A

Roots

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28
Q

Water enters through the roots, traveling up the stem and to the leaves, through the __________ making up ___________ ____________

A

Xylem
Vascular Bundles

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29
Q

Carbon Dioxide enters the plant from the atmosphere (0.3%) through microscopic pores called ____________ in the underside of leaves

A

Stomata

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30
Q

How does Water and Carbon Dioxide enter leaf cells?

A

Diffusion

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31
Q

What is the equation for noncyclic photophosphorylation?

A

Water + Light -> NADPH + Oxygen + ATP

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32
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation is what kind of reaction?

A

Light-Dependent Reactions

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33
Q

Step 1 of Noncyclic Photophosphorylation is….

A

Light goes to Photosystem 1, transferring the energy from the light photon into an electron in one of the pigment molecules

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34
Q

After the energy from the photon is transferred to an electron, it is passed to the…

A

Primary Electron Acceptor

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35
Q

After the electrons are passed to the Primary Electron Acceptor, it is then passed to…

A

Ferredoxin

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36
Q

After electrons are passed to Ferredoxin it is then passed to…

A

NADP Reductase

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37
Q

NADP Reductase reduces _____________ to _____________

A

NADP+
NADPH

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38
Q

What is a problem with Photosystem 1 in light-dependent reactions?

A

Photosystem 1 will run out of electrons and eventually shut down

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39
Q

What is Step 2 in Noncyclic Phosphorylation?

A

Light hits Photosystem 2, transferring the energy in the photon to an electron in a pigment

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40
Q

Energy in electrons, not electron itself, is passed to…

A

P680 (Photosystem 2 - reaction center)

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41
Q

After energy in electrons is passed to Photosystem 2, it passes electrons to the….

A

Electron Transport Chain

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42
Q

After electrons go to the Electron Transport Chain, they go to…

A

Photosystem 1

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43
Q

The Primary Electron Acceptor and the Redox Chain is all a part of the…

A

Electron Transport Chain

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44
Q

What is Chemiosmotic Theory?

A

Electrons passing through the Electron Transport Chain are used to pump H+ ions from the Stroma into the Thylakoid’s lumen

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45
Q

In Chemiosmotic Theory, Hydrogen ions diffuse down concentration gradient and pass through…..

A

ATP Synthase

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46
Q

In ATP Synthase, the H+ ions diffuse back into the _________ through ATP Synthase making ATP

A

Stroma

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47
Q

ATP Synthase rotates as H+ ions pass, coupling H+ flow with…

A

ADP Phosphorylation

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48
Q

What kind of protein is ATP Synthase?

A

Multimeric Protein

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49
Q

ATP Synthase consists of a base embedded in the ____________ ___________, a shaft, and a rotating head

A

Thylakoid Membrane

50
Q

The shaft rotates as H+ ions pass between the ___ and ___ subunits in the base

51
Q

The ____ degree rotation in ATP Synthase causes conformational changes in the head

52
Q

ATP Synthase: In one conformation, the Beta subunit binds what two things?

A

ADP and Phosphate

53
Q

ATP Synthase: In the second conformation, ADP and Phosphate are forced together, making…

54
Q

ATP Synthase: In the third conformation, ATP is…

55
Q

ATP Synthase: ______________ _________ flow is coupled to ATP Synthesis

A

Hydrogen Ion

56
Q

The light absorbed by Photosystem 2 is also used to split ____________, generating oxygen gas (diffuses through the stroma)

57
Q

Hydrogen ions are added and them pumped into the…

58
Q

Major Products of Light-Dependent Reactions:

A
  1. ATP
  2. NADPH
  3. Oxygen
59
Q

Photosystem 2, with the ET Chain and ATP Synthase, makes large quantities of…

60
Q

Photosystem 1 makes large quantities of…

61
Q

Photosystem 2 receives replacement electrons from ____________, when it is split

62
Q

Photosystem 1 receives replacement electrons from the…., via PS 2

63
Q

When levels of NADPH are high but ATP is low, plants can use…

A

Cyclic Electron Flow

64
Q

PS1 then passes high energy electrons to FD then to the front of the Electron Transport Chain instead of…

A

NADP Reductase

65
Q

Cyclic Electron flow passes high energy electrons through the … to make ATP without producing NADPH

A

Electron Transport Chain

66
Q

CEF is used to produce more ATP since next step uses ___ ATP and ____ NADPH to convert one CO2 to Sugar

67
Q

What are light-independent reactions also called?

A

Calvin-Benson Cycle

68
Q

In the first step of the Calvin Benson Cycle, CO2 added to RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate) to yield 2 molecules of…

A

3PG (3-Phosphoglycerate)

69
Q

What is the enzyme used in step 1 of the Calvin Benson Cycle?

A

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase

70
Q

In step 2 of the calvin benson cycle, reduction and phosphorylation of 3PG to G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate) using what two things?

A

NADPH and ATP

71
Q

In step three of the calvin benson cycle, regeneration of RuBP (Pentose Phosphate Pathway) from ______, to continue the cycle

72
Q

For every 6 Carbon Dioxide entering the cycle, 6 Carbons of _______________ or one _______________ are produced

A

Carbohydrate
Glucose

73
Q

Other organic molecules are synthesized from the ______________ produced in photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

74
Q

In photorespiration, Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase, in the absence of Carbon Dioxide adds ___________ to RuBP

75
Q

Photorespiration Product: One molecule of 3PG and one molecule of _____________ which is respired (broken down using oxygen) but producing no ATP, reducing the pool of cellular carbohydrates when the plant should be storing sugars

76
Q

What are the conditions for photorespiration?

A

Hot, Still, or Dry conditions

77
Q

C4 Photosynthesis is a solution for….

A

Photorespiration

78
Q

Carbon Dioxide is added to ______ by PEP Carboxylase making Oxaloacetate (a 4-Carbon Compound)

79
Q

Oxaloacetate breaks down to what to things that are then used in C3 Photosynthesis?

A

Pyruvate and Carbon Dioxide

80
Q

Oxaloacetate is converted to…

81
Q

Malate is transported to….

A

Bundle-Sheath Cells

82
Q

Malate breaks down to what two things that are then used in C3 Photosynthesis?

A

Pyruvate and Carbon Dioxide

83
Q

Pyruvate is phosphorylated (with ATP) to what in order to continue the cycle?

84
Q

Carbon dioxide “capture” occurs in what type of cells?

A

Mesophyll Cells

85
Q

Oxaloacetate is transferred to what cells where it generates Carbon Dioxide for C3 Photosynthesis?

A

Bundle Sheath Cells

86
Q

Carbon Dioxide is pumped into what kind of cells?

A

Bundle Sheath Cells

87
Q

What kind of pathway is in Mesophyll Cells within the leaf?

88
Q

What type of cells in C3 plants have no photosynthesis and is not surrounded completely by Mesophyll Cells?

A

Bundle Sheath Cells

89
Q

In C4 plants, what kind of cell has a C4 CO2 pump but no C3 pathway or photosynthesis?

A

Mesophyll Cells

90
Q

What kind of cell has a C3 pathway and are completely surrounded by Mesophyll Cells?

A

Bundle Sheath Cells

91
Q

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is found in what kind of plants?

A

Desert Plants

92
Q

A CAM plant is a modification from what kind of plants?

93
Q

When does photosynthesis take place in a CAM plant?

94
Q

CAM plants: formation of ___________________ which is stored until day

A

Oxaloacetate

95
Q

At night in CAM plants, CO2 is stored as…

A

Oxaloacetate

96
Q

During the day in CAM plants, CO2 is released for…

A

Photosynthesis

97
Q

In CAM plants, at night the stroma can be open to capture CO2 without losing much…

A

Water Vapor

98
Q

In CAM plants, during the day, the stroma are closed to prevent…

A

desiccation

99
Q

Why do plants produce and store carbohydrates?

A

To be able to break them down for energy when needed (EX: night and winter)

100
Q

How does Carbon Dioxide for photosynthesis enter the leaf?

A

By diffusion through the stoma

101
Q

Where in a C3 plant does C Photosynthesis take place?

A

Mesophyll Cells

102
Q

High energy electrons from photosystem 1 are passed to what in order to be passed out of the photosystem?

103
Q

In light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, water is split. What is produced directly as a result of this reaction?

104
Q

Where does Photosystem 1 directly pass electrons during Noncyclic Photosphosphorylation?

105
Q

Where in a cell do the light dependent reactions take place?

A

In the thylakoid of the chloroplast

106
Q

Where in a cell does the Calvin-Benson cycle take place?

A

Stroma of the Chloroplast

107
Q

The high energy electrons passed from Photosystem 1 are used for what in the Calvin Benson cycle?

A

reduce 3PG

108
Q

What is the first product of the Calvin Benson Cycle that can be isolated?

109
Q

What is the first product that can be isolated and identified in C4 Photosynthesis?

A

Oxaloacetate

110
Q

What is an inhibitor of Phosphofructokinase?

111
Q

Where in the cell is G3P produced during Cellular respiration?

A

In the cytoplasm

112
Q

What is produced in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Carbon Dioxide

113
Q

When protons diffuse down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase in aerobic respiration, where do they go?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

114
Q

What four things does the Krebs Cycle of Aerobic Respiration produce?

A
  1. GTP/ATP
  2. NADH
  3. CO2
  4. FADH2
115
Q

Where in an animal cell would Citrate be found?

A

matrix of mitochondria

116
Q

What is produced by substrate level phosphorylation in Glycolysis?

117
Q

During lactate fermentation, the electrons from NADH are passed directly to…

118
Q

When the last acceptor of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain receives electrons from cytochrome oxidase, what is produced?

119
Q

The epidermal growth factor allows transcription factions in the nucleus to be phosphorylated and activate many genes that produce proteins to stimulate…

A

cell division

120
Q

What can diffuse across cellular membranes, enter the nucleus, and bind directly to genes?

A

Steroids Hormones

121
Q

What is known to bind to and open calcium channels?

A

Inositol Phosphate

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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