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Biology 224 > Chapter Six: Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter Six: Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

The total Chemical activity of a living organism

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

The type of energy possessed by moving objects

A

Kinetic Energy

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3
Q

The type of energy possessed because of location or arrangement

A

Potential Energy

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4
Q

This type of energy forms potential energy stored in molecules because of the arrangement of atoms

A

Chemical Energy

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5
Q

A series of Chemical Reactions

A

Metabolic Pathways

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6
Q

What are the two types of Metabolic Pathways?

A

Catabolic and Anabolic Reactions

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7
Q

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones with the release of potential chemical energy

A

Catabolic Reactions

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8
Q

Smaller molecules are built into larger ones with the input of potential chemical energy

A

Anabolic Reactions

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9
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics:

A

Energy may neither be created nor destroyed. However, it can be converted from one form to another

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10
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

A

In any energy conversion, some energy is lost from doing work, so entropy increases

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11
Q

Total chemical energy of a molecule

A

Enthalpy (H)

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12
Q

The useable energy available for cellular work

A

Free Energy (G)

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13
Q

The unusable energy in a molecule

A

Entropy

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14
Q

What is the equation for Enthalpy (H)?

A

H = G + TS
Enthalpy = Free Energy + (Absolute Temp.)(Entropy)

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15
Q

In a chemical reaction, a molecule with one enthalpy is converted to another with…

A

a different enthalpy

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16
Q

The point in a reversible Chemical Reaction at which there is no net change in the concentration of reactants or products

A

Chemical Equalibrium

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17
Q

Difference in enthalpy between a reaction’s products and reactants

A

Gibbs Free Energy (∆G)

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18
Q

Reactants <—-> Products

A

Exergonic Reactions

19
Q

Reactants + Energy <——> Products

A

Endergonic Reactions

20
Q

Ke = Large # / Small # = value > 1

A

Exergonic reactions

21
Q

Ke = small # / large # = value < 1

A

Endergonic Reaction

22
Q

-∆G because products have less Enthalpy than the reactants, because energy was given off

A

Exergonic Reactants

23
Q

+∆G because of energy input, products have more enthalpy than reactants

A

Endergonic Reactions

24
Q

What energy source is used to transfer energy in cells?

A

ATP

25
Q

ATP+ —> __________ + ____________

A

ADP + PO4-

26
Q

What is the major function of ATP?

A

Couple Exergonic to Endergonic reactions

27
Q

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being used up

A

Enzymes (catalyst)

28
Q

enzymes orient molecules to ___________ the reaction

A

facilitate

29
Q

Small amount of energy which must be supplied before endergonic reactions will occur

A

Activation Energy

30
Q

Site where substrate is bound and the reaction is catalyzed

A

Active Site

31
Q

Occurs when a molecule is shaped very much like the substrate. It binds to and blocks the Active Site

A

Competitive Inhibitor

32
Q

Occurs when an inhibitor binds to separate (Inhibition/Allosteric) Site, changing shape of the enzyme to an inactive conformation (shape)

A

Non-competitive Inhibitor

33
Q

Those with more than one shape (conformation) depending upon whether a ligand (substrate, inhibitor, or activator) is bound

A

Allosteric Protein

34
Q

Prosthetic groups are small molecules permanently attached to enzymes that aid in…

A

Catalysis

35
Q

Cofactors are inorganic ions that bind to _____________ temporarily

A

Enzymes

36
Q

Cofactors act as temporary electron….

A

acceptors or donors

37
Q

Coenzymes are organic molecules that bind enzymes temporarily and __________ in the reaction

A

participate

38
Q

Many coenzymes are derived from the _____________ necessary in our diet

A

Vitamins

39
Q

What are the four denaturing agents?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Strong Acid
  3. Strong Base
  4. Highly Charged Ions
40
Q

NAD+ is used to pick up electrons from an enzyme and store them temporarily before giving them to another enzyme

A

Coenzymes

41
Q

A series of chemical reactions where the product at one reaction is the reactant for the next

A

Control of Metabolism

42
Q

The slowest reaction, which limits the overall rate of the metabolic pathway, usually located at front of the pathway

A

Rate-limiting reaction

43
Q

Occurs when product from end of a metabolic pathway acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor, inactivating an enzyme early in the pathway

A

Feedback Inhibition

44
Q

Occurs when the shape of an enzyme is permanently altered, destroying its catalytic ability

A

Enzyme (Protein) Denaturation

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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