Chapter Three: Organic Molecules Flashcards
What is an Organic Molecule?
Has a chain or ring of carbon atoms and a variety or group of atoms attached
What determines the shape and function of Organic Molecules?
Functional Groups
What is a Functional Group?
groups of atoms that are covalently linked to carbon skeletons
What kind of groups?
Amino groups
Is an Amino Group polar or non-polar?
polar
What kind of group?
Carbonyl Groups
Is a Carbonyl Group polar or non-polar?
polar
What are Carbonyl Groups found in?
Carbohydrates
What kind of Carbonyl?
Aldehyde
What kind of Carbonyl?
Ketone
What two groups is in an Amino Acid?
Amino and Carboxyl groups
What group is this?
Carboxyl Group
Are Carboxyl groups polar or non-polar?
polar
Ketones
possess internal Carbonyl group
Aldehydes
Have the Carbonyl group on the terminal end
What kind of group is this?
Hydroxyl Group
Are Hydroxyl groups polar or non-polar?
polar
What kind of group is this?
Methyl Group
Are Methyl Groups polar or non-polar?
non-polar
What kind of group is this?
Phosphate Group
Are Phosphate Groups polar or non-polar?
Polar
What type of group?
Sulfate Group
Are Sulfate Groups polar or non-polar?
Polar
What are Carboxyl Groups found in?
Organic acids
What is an example of a Ketone?
Fructose
What is an example of an Aldehyde?
Glucose
What are Hydroxyls found in?
Alcohol
What are Phosphate groups found in?
Nucleic Acids
What are Sulfate Groups found in? (3)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
What kind of group is this?
Sulfhydryl Group
Are Sulfhydryl groups polar or non-polar?
Polar
What are Sulfhydryl groups found in?
Thiols
NH2
Amino Groups
CO
Carbonyl Groups
COOH
Carboxyl Groups
OH
Hydroxyl Group
CH3
Methyl Groups
PO4(2-)
Phosphate Groups
SO4-
Sulfate Groups
SH
Sulfhydryl Groups
Isomer
chemical compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms (structural formula)
How do Structural Isomers differ?
how they are joined
How do Optical Isomers differ?
Do not have the same shape
What are the two forms of Isomers?
Dextrorotary and Levorotary
Where are L-amino acids found?
Proteins of living organisms
What type of enzymes do not recognize L-sugars?
Enzymes responsible for Carbohydrate Synthesis
Polymers
Large complex molecules
Monomers
Smaller molecules
How are polymers constructed?
Condensation Reaction
Condensation Reaction
Water is removed from two Hydroxyl Groups and the remaining Oxygen holds the two Monosaccharides together using an Ester Bond to form a Disaccharide
Hydrolytic Reaction
Water is inserted, breaking the Ester Bond, forming two Monosaccharides from a Disaccharide
What is the monomer to Lipids (polymer)?
Fatty Acids
What is the monomer to Carbohydrates (polymer)?
Monosaccharides
What is the monomer to Proteins (polymer)?
Amino Acids
What is the monomer to Nucleic Acids (polymer)?
Nucleotides
What are sugars and starches?
Carbohydrates
What are monomeric subunits?
Monosaccharides
What does the molecular structure of Carbohydrates consist of?
Every middle Carbon has a Hydrogen atom and Hydroxyl Group
One Carbonyl Group, many Hydroxyl groups, and sometimes a Phosphate group is….
a Functional Group
Are carbohydrates short-term or long-term storage?
Short-term
What are carbohydrates a structural unit for?
Cell Walls
How many subunits is a Monosaccharide?
1
How many carbons does a monosaccharide need to have
5
Is the Hydroxyl on the alpha glucose above or below?
below
Is the Hydroxyl on the beta glucose above or below?
above
By what bond reaction do Monosaccharides connect in the condensation reaction?
Ester Bond
What kind of linkage is made when two Monosaccharides come together?
Glycosidic Linkage
How many subunits are in a disaccharide?
2
How many subunits in Oligosaccharides?
12-20
What two things do Oligosaccharides covalently make when bonded to proteins or lipids?
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
Polysaccharides
have many subunits
Each monosaccharide in a polysaccharide has multiple sites where additional ________ __________ are possible
Glycosidic Linkages
What are Lipids frequently called?
Hydrocarbons
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
What is the monomeric subunit of a Lipid?
Fatty Acid
Amino Groups are…
carbohydrates
What is the Exoskeleton made of?
Carbohydrates
Is the Hydrocarbon straight or bent when it is saturated?
straight
How many covalent bonds does a saturated fatty acid have?
single (one)
How many bonds does an unsaturated fatty acid have?
double
Is the hydrocarbon chain bent or straight in an unsaturated fatty acid?
bent
What type of fatty acid is packed tightly and are more solid?
Saturated Fatty Acids
What type of fatty acid is more spread out and are more liquid?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Liquid Polymers can be built with the molecule…
Glycerol
What is a Glycerol?
a 3-Carbon molecule with each carbon containing a Hydroxyl group
What do Hydroxyl groups participate in?
Condensation reactions
What word should you think of when you hear Organic Molecules?
Carbon
What can two (chemical structures) things can amino groups be?
NH3+ or NH2
What is a Triglyceride?
Glycerol with 3 Fatty Acids
What are phospholipids?
Modified Diglycerides
What do phospholipids consist of (groups)?
Hydroxyl (alcohol) is attached to a phosphate group which is attached to a Carbon 3 in Glycerol
What type of reactions connect phospholipid components?
Condensation and Hydration Reactions
Are phospholipids polar or nonpolar?
Both, polar heads and non-polar tails
What are carotenoids?
A family of pigments
What are steroids?
A family of molecules that contain a series of four rings
3 types of other lipids
Steroids
Vitamins
Waxes
What are proteins built from?
Amino Acid Monomers
True or False: Proteins are the most diverse group of Organic Molecules
True
3 Functions of Proteins
Control of Biochemical Reactions
Cellular Defense
Control of Physiological Processes
What is the function of proteins as a receptor?
recept different hormones or other signals in the cell
What is the function of proteins in storage?
They store things for Amino Acids
What is an example of a transport protein?
Hemoglobin
What is the function of proteins in genetic regulation?
Proteins bind to DNA to activate or inactivate different genes
What is this? What are the 4 parts?
An Amino Acid
- Amino Group
- Carboxyl Group
- Hydrogen atom
- Side (R) group
What gives the Amino Acids their different properties?
The Side (R) groups
How are Amino Acids polymerized (connected)?
Condensation Reaction
What does the polymerization of Amino Acids result in?
A Carbon-Nitrogen covalent (peptide) bond
What are the four different levels of structure of proteins?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
What does the secondary structure contain?
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
When do alpha helixes form?
When the primary structure of the protein’s chain forms a right-handed coil
When do B pleated sheets form?
When the primary structure of the protein’s chain bends back and Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent rows
Secondary structure
regular, repeating patterns of hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino and carboxyl groups
Tertiary Structure
Overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide (entire protein)
Primary structure
the linear sequence of amino acids
What six bonds and between what is the Tertiary structure maintained by?
Covalent - adjacent amino acids
Covalent - between specific Cysteine side groups
Hydrogen - between various side groups
Hydrophobic - non-polar amino acids
van der Waals forces
Ionic Bonds - charged amino acids
What is the Quaternary structure composed of?
many polypeptides
What four forces hold quaternary structure?
Hydrophobic Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds
What allows proteins to bind non-covalently to other molecules?
Shape and structure
What allows proteins to react with other molecules
exposed side groups on the surface of proteins
Each domain in a protein is encoded by a distinct region of the gene (__________)
Exon
Each domain has a distinct ___________ in the Protein.
function
Ligand-binding domain
required for estrogen to bind and activate protein
Nuclear localization domain
required to transport protein to the nucleus of the cell
DNA-binding domain:
required for protein to bind to specific gene(s)
Activation Domain:
required for protein to activate the target gene
Chaperone proteins
attach to proteins to help them assume their correct shape
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
What is RNA used to do in terms of proteins?
RNA is used to take the information in DNA and make proteins
What are nucleic acids composed of?
Nucleotides
What are the three parts of Nucleotides
- Pentose Sugar
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogen-rich Base
How are nucleotides connected together?
Condensation Reactions
What are the sugars connected to above and below by ester bonds that are formed by condensation reactions?
Phosphate groups
What is that backbone of DNA
Sugar-Phosphate
Where do the bases project in the DNA strands?
Toward the center
What holds the two strands together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonding
A purine always pairs with a _______
Pyrimidine
How many Hydrogen bonds connect Cytosine and Guanine?
3
How many Hydrogen bonds pair Adenine and Thymine or Adenine and Uracil?
2
DNA can reproduce itself exactly in ________________
Replication
DNA can copy its information into RNA in _______________
Transcription
RNA is used to order a specific sequence of amino acids in proteins in ___________________
Translation
ATP
energy intermediary in many important biochemical pathways
GTP
energy intermediary in Translation
cAMP
a second messenger important in transferring the signal from a hormone to the interior of a cell
What do Carbohydrates store? (3)
Sucrose
Starch
Glycogen
Where are only D-monosaccharides found?
Carbohydrates of living organisms
Enzymes responsible for protein synthesis do not recognize or process ______________
D-amino acids
The Hydrogen can be removed to link two _______________ Groups together, forming a Disulfide Bridge
Sulfhydryl
What do Sulfhydryl Groups play an important role in?
Stabilizing the three-dimensional shape of organic molecules
by proteins forming disulfide bridges
Where can Sulfate Groups be found? (3)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
What Group can be both COOH or COO?
Carboxyl Groups
What is the primary structure of proteins dependent on?
The covalent bonds between the amino acids
What reaction is this?
Amino Acid Condensation Reaction
What do proteins use for cellular defense?
Antibodies
What do proteins use to control biochemical reactions?
enzymes
What is the starting point for the synthesis of other steroids, many of which are hormones?
Cholesterol
The nature that a molecule can be both polar and nonpolar?
Amphipathic
What carotenoid aids in photosynthesis?
B-Carotene
Phospholipids naturally form a double layer when placed in a(n) __________ solution
aqueous
What is this?
Phospholipid
____________ are the major form of long-term energy storage in fat (adipose tissue)
Triglycerides
What molecule is this?
Glycerol
If something had 100 ml, then it has how many liters?
0.1
In protein structure, what level depends only on Covalent Bonding?
Primary
In RNA, phosphate groups are connected to….
Ribose
What is the function of ATP?
an energy source in cells
