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Biology 224 > Chapter Three: Organic Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Organic Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Organic Molecule?

A

Has a chain or ring of carbon atoms and a variety or group of atoms attached

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2
Q

What determines the shape and function of Organic Molecules?

A

Functional Groups

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3
Q

What is a Functional Group?

A

groups of atoms that are covalently linked to carbon skeletons

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4
Q

What kind of groups?

A

Amino groups

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5
Q

Is an Amino Group polar or non-polar?

A

polar

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6
Q

What kind of group?

A

Carbonyl Groups

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7
Q

Is a Carbonyl Group polar or non-polar?

A

polar

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8
Q

What are Carbonyl Groups found in?

A

Carbohydrates

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9
Q

What kind of Carbonyl?

A

Aldehyde

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10
Q

What kind of Carbonyl?

A

Ketone

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11
Q

What two groups is in an Amino Acid?

A

Amino and Carboxyl groups

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12
Q

What group is this?

A

Carboxyl Group

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13
Q

Are Carboxyl groups polar or non-polar?

A

polar

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14
Q

Ketones

A

possess internal Carbonyl group

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15
Q

Aldehydes

A

Have the Carbonyl group on the terminal end

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16
Q

What kind of group is this?

A

Hydroxyl Group

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17
Q

Are Hydroxyl groups polar or non-polar?

A

polar

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18
Q

What kind of group is this?

A

Methyl Group

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19
Q

Are Methyl Groups polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar

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20
Q

What kind of group is this?

A

Phosphate Group

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21
Q

Are Phosphate Groups polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

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22
Q

What type of group?

A

Sulfate Group

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23
Q

Are Sulfate Groups polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

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24
Q

What are Carboxyl Groups found in?

A

Organic acids

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25
Q

What is an example of a Ketone?

A

Fructose

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26
Q

What is an example of an Aldehyde?

A

Glucose

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27
Q

What are Hydroxyls found in?

A

Alcohol

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28
Q

What are Phosphate groups found in?

A

Nucleic Acids

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29
Q

What are Sulfate Groups found in? (3)

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

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30
Q

What kind of group is this?

A

Sulfhydryl Group

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31
Q

Are Sulfhydryl groups polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

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32
Q

What are Sulfhydryl groups found in?

A

Thiols

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33
Q

NH2

A

Amino Groups

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34
Q

CO

A

Carbonyl Groups

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35
Q

COOH

A

Carboxyl Groups

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36
Q

OH

A

Hydroxyl Group

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37
Q

CH3

A

Methyl Groups

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38
Q

PO4(2-)

A

Phosphate Groups

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39
Q

SO4-

A

Sulfate Groups

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40
Q

SH

A

Sulfhydryl Groups

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41
Q

Isomer

A

chemical compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms (structural formula)

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42
Q

How do Structural Isomers differ?

A

how they are joined

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43
Q

How do Optical Isomers differ?

A

Do not have the same shape

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44
Q

What are the two forms of Isomers?

A

Dextrorotary and Levorotary

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45
Q

Where are L-amino acids found?

A

Proteins of living organisms

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46
Q

What type of enzymes do not recognize L-sugars?

A

Enzymes responsible for Carbohydrate Synthesis

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47
Q

Polymers

A

Large complex molecules

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48
Q

Monomers

A

Smaller molecules

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49
Q

How are polymers constructed?

A

Condensation Reaction

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50
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Water is removed from two Hydroxyl Groups and the remaining Oxygen holds the two Monosaccharides together using an Ester Bond to form a Disaccharide

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51
Q

Hydrolytic Reaction

A

Water is inserted, breaking the Ester Bond, forming two Monosaccharides from a Disaccharide

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52
Q

What is the monomer to Lipids (polymer)?

A

Fatty Acids

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53
Q

What is the monomer to Carbohydrates (polymer)?

A

Monosaccharides

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54
Q

What is the monomer to Proteins (polymer)?

A

Amino Acids

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55
Q

What is the monomer to Nucleic Acids (polymer)?

A

Nucleotides

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56
Q

What are sugars and starches?

A

Carbohydrates

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57
Q

What are monomeric subunits?

A

Monosaccharides

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58
Q

What does the molecular structure of Carbohydrates consist of?

A

Every middle Carbon has a Hydrogen atom and Hydroxyl Group

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59
Q

One Carbonyl Group, many Hydroxyl groups, and sometimes a Phosphate group is….

A

a Functional Group

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60
Q

Are carbohydrates short-term or long-term storage?

A

Short-term

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61
Q

What are carbohydrates a structural unit for?

A

Cell Walls

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62
Q

How many subunits is a Monosaccharide?

A

1

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63
Q

How many carbons does a monosaccharide need to have

A

5

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64
Q

Is the Hydroxyl on the alpha glucose above or below?

A

below

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65
Q

Is the Hydroxyl on the beta glucose above or below?

A

above

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66
Q

By what bond reaction do Monosaccharides connect in the condensation reaction?

A

Ester Bond

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67
Q

What kind of linkage is made when two Monosaccharides come together?

A

Glycosidic Linkage

68
Q

How many subunits are in a disaccharide?

A

2

69
Q

How many subunits in Oligosaccharides?

A

12-20

70
Q

What two things do Oligosaccharides covalently make when bonded to proteins or lipids?

A

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

71
Q

Polysaccharides

A

have many subunits

72
Q

Each monosaccharide in a polysaccharide has multiple sites where additional ________ __________ are possible

A

Glycosidic Linkages

73
Q

What are Lipids frequently called?

A

Hydrocarbons

74
Q

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

75
Q

What is the monomeric subunit of a Lipid?

A

Fatty Acid

76
Q

Amino Groups are…

A

carbohydrates

77
Q

What is the Exoskeleton made of?

A

Carbohydrates

78
Q

Is the Hydrocarbon straight or bent when it is saturated?

A

straight

79
Q

How many covalent bonds does a saturated fatty acid have?

A

single (one)

80
Q

How many bonds does an unsaturated fatty acid have?

A

double

81
Q

Is the hydrocarbon chain bent or straight in an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

bent

82
Q

What type of fatty acid is packed tightly and are more solid?

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

83
Q

What type of fatty acid is more spread out and are more liquid?

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

84
Q

Liquid Polymers can be built with the molecule…

A

Glycerol

85
Q

What is a Glycerol?

A

a 3-Carbon molecule with each carbon containing a Hydroxyl group

86
Q

What do Hydroxyl groups participate in?

A

Condensation reactions

87
Q

What word should you think of when you hear Organic Molecules?

A

Carbon

88
Q

What can two (chemical structures) things can amino groups be?

A

NH3+ or NH2

89
Q

What is a Triglyceride?

A

Glycerol with 3 Fatty Acids

90
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Modified Diglycerides

91
Q

What do phospholipids consist of (groups)?

A

Hydroxyl (alcohol) is attached to a phosphate group which is attached to a Carbon 3 in Glycerol

92
Q

What type of reactions connect phospholipid components?

A

Condensation and Hydration Reactions

93
Q

Are phospholipids polar or nonpolar?

A

Both, polar heads and non-polar tails

94
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

A family of pigments

95
Q

What are steroids?

A

A family of molecules that contain a series of four rings

96
Q

3 types of other lipids

A

Steroids
Vitamins
Waxes

97
Q

What are proteins built from?

A

Amino Acid Monomers

98
Q

True or False: Proteins are the most diverse group of Organic Molecules

A

True

99
Q

3 Functions of Proteins

A

Control of Biochemical Reactions
Cellular Defense
Control of Physiological Processes

100
Q

What is the function of proteins as a receptor?

A

recept different hormones or other signals in the cell

101
Q

What is the function of proteins in storage?

A

They store things for Amino Acids

102
Q

What is an example of a transport protein?

A

Hemoglobin

103
Q

What is the function of proteins in genetic regulation?

A

Proteins bind to DNA to activate or inactivate different genes

104
Q

What is this? What are the 4 parts?

A

An Amino Acid
- Amino Group
- Carboxyl Group
- Hydrogen atom
- Side (R) group

105
Q

What gives the Amino Acids their different properties?

A

The Side (R) groups

106
Q

How are Amino Acids polymerized (connected)?

A

Condensation Reaction

107
Q

What does the polymerization of Amino Acids result in?

A

A Carbon-Nitrogen covalent (peptide) bond

108
Q

What are the four different levels of structure of proteins?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

109
Q

What does the secondary structure contain?

A

Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet

110
Q

When do alpha helixes form?

A

When the primary structure of the protein’s chain forms a right-handed coil

111
Q

When do B pleated sheets form?

A

When the primary structure of the protein’s chain bends back and Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent rows

112
Q

Secondary structure

A

regular, repeating patterns of hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino and carboxyl groups

113
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide (entire protein)

114
Q

Primary structure

A

the linear sequence of amino acids

115
Q

What six bonds and between what is the Tertiary structure maintained by?

A

Covalent - adjacent amino acids
Covalent - between specific Cysteine side groups
Hydrogen - between various side groups
Hydrophobic - non-polar amino acids
van der Waals forces
Ionic Bonds - charged amino acids

116
Q

What is the Quaternary structure composed of?

A

many polypeptides

117
Q

What four forces hold quaternary structure?

A

Hydrophobic Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds

118
Q

What allows proteins to bind non-covalently to other molecules?

A

Shape and structure

119
Q

What allows proteins to react with other molecules

A

exposed side groups on the surface of proteins

120
Q

Each domain in a protein is encoded by a distinct region of the gene (__________)

A

Exon

121
Q

Each domain has a distinct ___________ in the Protein.

A

function

122
Q

Ligand-binding domain

A

required for estrogen to bind and activate protein

123
Q

Nuclear localization domain

A

required to transport protein to the nucleus of the cell

124
Q

DNA-binding domain:

A

required for protein to bind to specific gene(s)

125
Q

Activation Domain:

A

required for protein to activate the target gene

126
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

attach to proteins to help them assume their correct shape

127
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA
RNA

128
Q

What is RNA used to do in terms of proteins?

A

RNA is used to take the information in DNA and make proteins

129
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Nucleotides

130
Q

What are the three parts of Nucleotides

A
  1. Pentose Sugar
  2. Phosphate Group
  3. Nitrogen-rich Base
131
Q

How are nucleotides connected together?

A

Condensation Reactions

132
Q

What are the sugars connected to above and below by ester bonds that are formed by condensation reactions?

A

Phosphate groups

133
Q

What is that backbone of DNA

A

Sugar-Phosphate

134
Q

Where do the bases project in the DNA strands?

A

Toward the center

135
Q

What holds the two strands together in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonding

136
Q

A purine always pairs with a _______

A

Pyrimidine

137
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds connect Cytosine and Guanine?

A

3

138
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds pair Adenine and Thymine or Adenine and Uracil?

A

2

139
Q

DNA can reproduce itself exactly in ________________

A

Replication

140
Q

DNA can copy its information into RNA in _______________

A

Transcription

141
Q

RNA is used to order a specific sequence of amino acids in proteins in ___________________

A

Translation

142
Q

ATP

A

energy intermediary in many important biochemical pathways

143
Q

GTP

A

energy intermediary in Translation

144
Q

cAMP

A

a second messenger important in transferring the signal from a hormone to the interior of a cell

145
Q

What do Carbohydrates store? (3)

A

Sucrose
Starch
Glycogen

146
Q

Where are only D-monosaccharides found?

A

Carbohydrates of living organisms

147
Q

Enzymes responsible for protein synthesis do not recognize or process ______________

A

D-amino acids

148
Q

The Hydrogen can be removed to link two _______________ Groups together, forming a Disulfide Bridge

A

Sulfhydryl

149
Q

What do Sulfhydryl Groups play an important role in?

A

Stabilizing the three-dimensional shape of organic molecules
by proteins forming disulfide bridges

150
Q

Where can Sulfate Groups be found? (3)

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

151
Q

What Group can be both COOH or COO?

A

Carboxyl Groups

152
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins dependent on?

A

The covalent bonds between the amino acids

153
Q

What reaction is this?

A

Amino Acid Condensation Reaction

154
Q

What do proteins use for cellular defense?

A

Antibodies

155
Q

What do proteins use to control biochemical reactions?

A

enzymes

156
Q

What is the starting point for the synthesis of other steroids, many of which are hormones?

A

Cholesterol

157
Q

The nature that a molecule can be both polar and nonpolar?

A

Amphipathic

158
Q

What carotenoid aids in photosynthesis?

A

B-Carotene

159
Q

Phospholipids naturally form a double layer when placed in a(n) __________ solution

A

aqueous

160
Q

What is this?

A

Phospholipid

161
Q

____________ are the major form of long-term energy storage in fat (adipose tissue)

A

Triglycerides

162
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Glycerol

163
Q

If something had 100 ml, then it has how many liters?

A

0.1

164
Q

In protein structure, what level depends only on Covalent Bonding?

A

Primary

165
Q

In RNA, phosphate groups are connected to….

A

Ribose

166
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

an energy source in cells

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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