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Biology 224 > Chapter Fourteen: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter Fourteen: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatin consists of what two things?

A

DNA and Proteins

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2
Q

One complete, double stranded DNA molecule makes a…

A

Chromatid

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3
Q

True or False:
Chromosomes may have one or two chromatids

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Histones and Nonhistones

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5
Q

Nucleosome Cores:
Consist of two copies each of how many different histone proteins?

A

4

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6
Q

Histone H1 connects DNA to the…and connects adjacent cores together

A

Nucleosome Core

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7
Q

No histone proteins are more varied but less…

A

numerous

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8
Q

Nonhistone proteins are thought to control individual…by binding or dissociating from the DNA

A

genes

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9
Q

Chromosomes consist of 1 or 2…

A

Chromatids

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10
Q

Sister Chromatids: Genetically…., one is used as template to make the other

A

identical

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11
Q

Centromere: visible as a constricted region, it represents the area to which…attach during cell divisions

A

microtubules

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12
Q

In…organisms chromosomes are inherited in sets, one set from each parent

A

Diploid

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13
Q

There are two copies of each chromosomes, one inherited from each…

A

parent

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14
Q

The two copies of each chromosome are termed…

A

Homologues

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15
Q

…organisms or cells, contain a single copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

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16
Q

In Diploid organisms, the only cells which are haploid would be the…, or sex cells

A

gametes

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17
Q

Interphase consists of what three separate phases?

A

G1
S
G2

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18
Q

What phase of interphase?
- Protein Synthesis and growth predominate, organelles replicate and cell size doubles

A

G1

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19
Q

What phase of interphase?
- DNA replicates to build second (sister) chromatid using the original as a copy
- DNA Replication

A

S

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20
Q

What phase of interphase?
- Protein synthesis again predominates, producing materials needed for division (tubular for microtubules)

A

G2

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21
Q

What is this process called?
- Distributes exact copies of genetic information to the daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

Prophase is characterized by
1. …of each individual chromosome
2. …of the Nucleolus
3. …separate and move to opposite nuclear poles
4. Disintegration of the Nuclear Membrane into…
5. …attach to chromosomes

A

Condensation
Disappearance
Centrosomes
Vesicles
Spindle Fibers

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23
Q

Centrosome replicates during…

A

G1

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24
Q

During prophase, the centrosomes…and move to opposite sides of the cell

A

separate

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25
Centrosome establishes the two…of the cell
poles
26
Centrosomes control the growth of…
microtubules
27
Microtubules Organizing regions - control the…of microtubules
growth
28
Polar microtubules run from…to…
Pole to Pole
29
Kinetochore Microtubules run from Centrosome to…
Centromere
30
Metaphase: - …move chromosomes to metaphase plate
spindle fibers
31
Anaphase: - separation of…and movement to opposite poles
chromatids
32
Anaphase: …degrades proteins holding sister chromatids together
Separase
33
Cytoplasmic Dynein walks chromosomes along…
microtubules
34
Telophase: 1. Cytokinesis 2. Reversal of…with uncondensation of chromosomes, reformation of nuclear membrane and nucleolus, breakdown of mitotic spindle
Prophase
35
Telophase: In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by constriction of a band of microfilaments of…and…
actin and myosin
36
In plant cells, vesicles are pulled down microtubules highways by kinetic motors and they fuse to form the new…
plasma membrane
37
Cytokinesis is the division of the…
Cytoplasm
38
Cytokinesis is accomplished using the combined action of at least 20 different…
proteins
39
What is the division of the nucleus called?
Mitosis
40
Mitosis + Cytokinesis = divides the entire cell into two…cells
daughter
41
The result of Mitosis: - Ploidy of cells formed: same as…cell
mother
42
The result of Mitosis: - Number of cells formed:…
two
43
The result of Mitosis: - Genetic makeup of cells formed: genetic…
clones
44
Two groups of…control the Cell Cycle
proteins
45
Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdk) are proteins which are activated when bound by…
Cyclin
46
Are Cdks always present through the mitotic cycle?
yes
47
…are produced then destroyed during particular stages in the mitotic cycle
Cyclins
48
The Mitotic Cell Cycle is regulated by a cascade of…activities
Protein Kinase
49
The signal is…in strength by the protein kinase cascade activity in cell signaling
amplified
50
Initially, only…is present in G1
CDK
51
True or False: Cyclins are produced in G1
False
52
Passage through G1: If growth conditions are favorable, Cyclins are produced, bind to and activate…
Cdks
53
Active CDK phosphorylates the protein…, inactivating it
RB
54
Active RB blocks entry through the…point
restriction
55
Active…normally binds E2F a regulatory Transcription Factor
RB
56
When RB is phosphorylated, it releases…, which binds genes, promoting the Transcription of proteins promoting cell division
E2F
57
Cyclin is not continually active from the…phase of the cycle onward
S
58
…is degraded at the end of each phase and does not remain active for the next cycle
Cyclin
59
During G1: Cdk4 is activated by…
Cyclin D
60
During G1: Cdk2 is activated by…
Cyclin E
61
Active Cdks phosphorylate and inactivate RB which allows cells to pass restriction point and enter…phase
S
62
During the S phase, Cyclin…is produced
A
63
Cyclin A activates Cdk2 which stimulates…
DNA replication
64
Passage through G2: When DNA is fully replicated, …is produced to activate Cdk1 for entry into Mitosis
Cyclin B
65
Different…are produced at different stages of the cell cycle
Cyclins
66
Cyclins activate different CDKs which begin an…cascade to activate passage through a different portion of interphase
enzyme
67
CDKs control the passage of…through the cell cycle
cells
68
Radiation damage stimulates production of…
p21
69
p21 binds G1-CDK preventing Cyclin from binding and activating it before the…damage can be repaired and the cell progres to S phase
DNA
70
The…is a pictorial representation of all the chromosomes of an organism or a cell
Karyotype
71
…cells have one copy of each chromosome, resulting from Meiosis
Haploid
72
The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number from the diploid to the…number
haploid
73
Prophase 1: Nuclear membrane disappears into…
vesicles
74
Prophase 1: …disappears
Nucleolus
75
Prophase 1: Centrosomes move to…nuclear poles
opposite
76
Prophase 1: …fibers form
spindle
77
Prophase 1: As chromosomes begin to condense,…occurs
synapsis
78
Synapsis: Homologous chromosomes pair and form…
Bivalents
79
Synapsis: Chiasmata form - exchange between non-sister…
chromatids
80
Synaptonemal complex includes enzymes which cut non-sister chromatids and connect the…ends to recombine the homologous chromosomes
wrong
81
The added genetic variation produced by…the genes allowing Microevolution Independent Assortment of Chromosomes also increases genetic recombination
shuffling
82
Metaphase 1: Bivalents are moved to the…plate
Metaphase
83
Anaphase 1: Homologous Chromosomes are…
separated
84
Telophase 1: Cytokinesis forms 2…cells
Haploid
85
The second meiotic division is similar to and different from mitosis. Sister chromatids are…
separated
86
Does DNA replication occur in interkinesis?
No
87
Prophase 2: Mitotic Spindle forms,…to sister chromatids
connecting
88
Metaphase 2: …are lined up at the metaphase plate
chromosomes
89
Anaphase 2: - sister chromatids are…to opposite poles
separated
90
Telophase 2: - Cytokinesis occurs forming…haploid cells
4
91
The result of Meiosis: - Ploidy of cells formed:…
Haploid
92
The result of Meiosis: - Number of cells formed:…
four
93
The result of Meiosis: Genetic makeup of cells formed: all different from each other and the original “…” cell
mother
94
Life Cycles: 1. Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular, Adult Diploids - sexual reproduction: gametes formed by…
meiosis
95
Life Cycles: 2. Kingdom Fungi - Multicellular, Adult Haploids - Sexual Reproduction: gametes formed by…
mitosis
96
Life Cycles: 3. Kingdom Plantae - Alternation of Generations - Sexual Reproduction: gametes formed by…
mitosis
97
Meiotic Errors: What is this? - loss of a portion of a chromosome - like duplications, is usually fatal in humans
Deletions
98
Meiotic Errors: What is this? - During Synapsis or DNA replication, errors can occur - These occur when a portion of a chromosome is duplicated and inserted into a chromosome with the normal copies
Duplications
99
Meiotic Errors: What is this? - Inverts 180 degree a chromosomal section - while not fatal, can reduce fertility
Inversion
100
Meiotic Errors: What is this? - moves a section to another chromosome - while not fatal, can reduce fertility
Translocation
101
Errors in meiosis can result in several types of chromosomal…
mutations
102
…occurs when chromosomes do not separate during Meiosis 1 or 2
Nondisjunction
103
True or False: A cell that receives both copies has two copies of that chromosome instead of one
True
104
…occurs when there are not two copies in a diploid cell for one or more chromosomes
Aneuploidy
105
Aneuploidy can be caused by nondisjunction during what two things?
Mitosis and Meiosis
106
…chromosome is present only once or more than twice
one
107
Aneuploidy in humans is almost always fatal. An exception is for…chromosomes
sex chromosomes
108
…occurs when all the chromosomes are present more than twice
Polyploidy

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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