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Biology 224 > Chapter Fourteen: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter Fourteen: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatin consists of what two things?

A

DNA and Proteins

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2
Q

One complete, double stranded DNA molecule makes a…

A

Chromatid

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3
Q

True or False:
Chromosomes may have one or two chromatids

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Histones and Nonhistones

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5
Q

Nucleosome Cores:
Consist of two copies each of how many different histone proteins?

A

4

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6
Q

Histone H1 connects DNA to the…and connects adjacent cores together

A

Nucleosome Core

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7
Q

No histone proteins are more varied but less…

A

numerous

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8
Q

Nonhistone proteins are thought to control individual…by binding or dissociating from the DNA

A

genes

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9
Q

Chromosomes consist of 1 or 2…

A

Chromatids

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10
Q

Sister Chromatids: Genetically…., one is used as template to make the other

A

identical

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11
Q

Centromere: visible as a constricted region, it represents the area to which…attach during cell divisions

A

microtubules

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12
Q

In…organisms chromosomes are inherited in sets, one set from each parent

A

Diploid

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13
Q

There are two copies of each chromosomes, one inherited from each…

A

parent

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14
Q

The two copies of each chromosome are termed…

A

Homologues

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15
Q

…organisms or cells, contain a single copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

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16
Q

In Diploid organisms, the only cells which are haploid would be the…, or sex cells

A

gametes

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17
Q

Interphase consists of what three separate phases?

A

G1
S
G2

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18
Q

What phase of interphase?
- Protein Synthesis and growth predominate, organelles replicate and cell size doubles

A

G1

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19
Q

What phase of interphase?
- DNA replicates to build second (sister) chromatid using the original as a copy
- DNA Replication

A

S

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20
Q

What phase of interphase?
- Protein synthesis again predominates, producing materials needed for division (tubular for microtubules)

A

G2

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21
Q

What is this process called?
- Distributes exact copies of genetic information to the daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

Prophase is characterized by
1. …of each individual chromosome
2. …of the Nucleolus
3. …separate and move to opposite nuclear poles
4. Disintegration of the Nuclear Membrane into…
5. …attach to chromosomes

A

Condensation
Disappearance
Centrosomes
Vesicles
Spindle Fibers

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23
Q

Centrosome replicates during…

A

G1

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24
Q

During prophase, the centrosomes…and move to opposite sides of the cell

A

separate

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25
Q

Centrosome establishes the two…of the cell

A

poles

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26
Q

Centrosomes control the growth of…

A

microtubules

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27
Q

Microtubules Organizing regions - control the…of microtubules

A

growth

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28
Q

Polar microtubules run from…to…

A

Pole to Pole

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29
Q

Kinetochore Microtubules run from Centrosome to…

A

Centromere

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30
Q

Metaphase:
- …move chromosomes to metaphase plate

A

spindle fibers

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31
Q

Anaphase:
- separation of…and movement to opposite poles

A

chromatids

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32
Q

Anaphase:
…degrades proteins holding sister chromatids together

A

Separase

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33
Q

Cytoplasmic Dynein walks chromosomes along…

A

microtubules

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34
Q

Telophase:
1. Cytokinesis
2. Reversal of…with uncondensation of chromosomes, reformation of nuclear membrane and nucleolus, breakdown of mitotic spindle

A

Prophase

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35
Q

Telophase:
In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by constriction of a band of microfilaments of…and…

A

actin and myosin

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36
Q

In plant cells, vesicles are pulled down microtubules highways by kinetic motors and they fuse to form the new…

A

plasma membrane

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37
Q

Cytokinesis is the division of the…

A

Cytoplasm

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38
Q

Cytokinesis is accomplished using the combined action of at least 20 different…

A

proteins

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39
Q

What is the division of the nucleus called?

A

Mitosis

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40
Q

Mitosis + Cytokinesis = divides the entire cell into two…cells

A

daughter

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41
Q

The result of Mitosis:
- Ploidy of cells formed: same as…cell

A

mother

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42
Q

The result of Mitosis:
- Number of cells formed:…

A

two

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43
Q

The result of Mitosis:
- Genetic makeup of cells formed: genetic…

A

clones

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44
Q

Two groups of…control the Cell Cycle

45
Q

Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdk) are proteins which are activated when bound by…

46
Q

Are Cdks always present through the mitotic cycle?

47
Q

…are produced then destroyed during particular stages in the mitotic cycle

48
Q

The Mitotic Cell Cycle is regulated by a cascade of…activities

A

Protein Kinase

49
Q

The signal is…in strength by the protein kinase cascade activity in cell signaling

50
Q

Initially, only…is present in G1

51
Q

True or False:
Cyclins are produced in G1

52
Q

Passage through G1: If growth conditions are favorable, Cyclins are produced, bind to and activate…

53
Q

Active CDK phosphorylates the protein…, inactivating it

54
Q

Active RB blocks entry through the…point

A

restriction

55
Q

Active…normally binds E2F a regulatory Transcription Factor

56
Q

When RB is phosphorylated, it releases…, which binds genes, promoting the Transcription of proteins promoting cell division

57
Q

Cyclin is not continually active from the…phase of the cycle onward

58
Q

…is degraded at the end of each phase and does not remain active for the next cycle

59
Q

During G1: Cdk4 is activated by…

60
Q

During G1: Cdk2 is activated by…

61
Q

Active Cdks phosphorylate and inactivate RB which allows cells to pass restriction point and enter…phase

62
Q

During the S phase, Cyclin…is produced

63
Q

Cyclin A activates Cdk2 which stimulates…

A

DNA replication

64
Q

Passage through G2: When DNA is fully replicated, …is produced to activate Cdk1 for entry into Mitosis

65
Q

Different…are produced at different stages of the cell cycle

66
Q

Cyclins activate different CDKs which begin an…cascade to activate passage through a different portion of interphase

67
Q

CDKs control the passage of…through the cell cycle

68
Q

Radiation damage stimulates production of…

69
Q

p21 binds G1-CDK preventing Cyclin from binding and activating it before the…damage can be repaired and the cell progres to S phase

70
Q

The…is a pictorial representation of all the chromosomes of an organism or a cell

71
Q

…cells have one copy of each chromosome, resulting from Meiosis

72
Q

The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number from the diploid to the…number

73
Q

Prophase 1:
Nuclear membrane disappears into…

74
Q

Prophase 1:
…disappears

75
Q

Prophase 1:
Centrosomes move to…nuclear poles

76
Q

Prophase 1:
…fibers form

77
Q

Prophase 1:
As chromosomes begin to condense,…occurs

78
Q

Synapsis:
Homologous chromosomes pair and form…

79
Q

Synapsis:
Chiasmata form - exchange between non-sister…

A

chromatids

80
Q

Synaptonemal complex includes enzymes which cut non-sister chromatids and connect the…ends to recombine the homologous chromosomes

81
Q

The added genetic variation produced by…the genes allowing Microevolution Independent Assortment of Chromosomes also increases genetic recombination

82
Q

Metaphase 1:
Bivalents are moved to the…plate

83
Q

Anaphase 1:
Homologous Chromosomes are…

84
Q

Telophase 1:
Cytokinesis forms 2…cells

85
Q

The second meiotic division is similar to and different from mitosis. Sister chromatids are…

86
Q

Does DNA replication occur in interkinesis?

87
Q

Prophase 2:
Mitotic Spindle forms,…to sister chromatids

A

connecting

88
Q

Metaphase 2:
…are lined up at the metaphase plate

A

chromosomes

89
Q

Anaphase 2:
- sister chromatids are…to opposite poles

90
Q

Telophase 2:
- Cytokinesis occurs forming…haploid cells

91
Q

The result of Meiosis:
- Ploidy of cells formed:…

92
Q

The result of Meiosis:
- Number of cells formed:…

93
Q

The result of Meiosis:
Genetic makeup of cells formed: all different from each other and the original “…” cell

94
Q

Life Cycles:
1. Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular, Adult Diploids
- sexual reproduction: gametes formed by…

95
Q

Life Cycles:
2. Kingdom Fungi - Multicellular, Adult Haploids
- Sexual Reproduction: gametes formed by…

96
Q

Life Cycles:
3. Kingdom Plantae - Alternation of Generations
- Sexual Reproduction: gametes formed by…

97
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- loss of a portion of a chromosome
- like duplications, is usually fatal in humans

98
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- During Synapsis or DNA replication, errors can occur
- These occur when a portion of a chromosome is duplicated and inserted into a chromosome with the normal copies

A

Duplications

99
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- Inverts 180 degree a chromosomal section
- while not fatal, can reduce fertility

100
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- moves a section to another chromosome
- while not fatal, can reduce fertility

A

Translocation

101
Q

Errors in meiosis can result in several types of chromosomal…

102
Q

…occurs when chromosomes do not separate during Meiosis 1 or 2

A

Nondisjunction

103
Q

True or False:
A cell that receives both copies has two copies of that chromosome instead of one

104
Q

…occurs when there are not two copies in a diploid cell for one or more chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

105
Q

Aneuploidy can be caused by nondisjunction during what two things?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

106
Q

…chromosome is present only once or more than twice

107
Q

Aneuploidy in humans is almost always fatal. An exception is for…chromosomes

A

sex chromosomes

108
Q

…occurs when all the chromosomes are present more than twice

A

Polyploidy

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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