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Biology 224 > Chapter Twelve: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level > Flashcards

Chapter Twelve: Gene Expression at the Molecular Level Flashcards

1
Q

Whose work on genetics, in the early 1900s, was rediscovered and finally understood?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

What British Physician in 1908, who was studying the inheritance of the disease Alkaptonuria, proposed a link between genes and the production of enzymes?

A

Archibald Garrod

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3
Q

By 1908, biochemists understood that metabolic pathways consisted of a series of…each one converting one chemical to another

A

enzymes

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4
Q

Garrod applied Mendel’s theory on genes to the pathway for the breakdown of Phenylalanine and the disease…

A

Alkaptonuria

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5
Q

Garrod was the first to link genes with…production

A

enzyme

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6
Q

What did Garrod term defective genes?

A

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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7
Q

Garrod began the field of…

A

Human or Medical Genetics

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8
Q

Beagle and Tatum saw Garrod’s work while working on the nutritional needs of a mold called…

A

Neurospora

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9
Q

After Beadle and Tatum exposed the mold spores to….(to produce mutations) they isolated a number of mutant strains which could not produce certain nutrients

A

X-rays

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10
Q

Beadle and Tatum were working on the inheritance or genetics of…strains

A

mutant

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11
Q

The metabolic pathway for Arginine production was known to be controlled by how many enzymes?

A

three

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12
Q

Beadle and Tatum found several straight of Neurospora that could not produce…

A

Arginine

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13
Q

Beadle and Tatum found that different stains had different mutations which prevented…synthesis, but at different steps in the pathway

A

Arginine

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14
Q

What theory was proposed by Beadle and Tatum in which each gene controls a separate enzyme?

A

One Gene, One Enzyme Theory

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15
Q

One Gene, One Enzyme Theory
1. Genes control the…of enzymes, but not all genes encode enzymes

A

production

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16
Q

One Gene, One Enzyme Theory
2. Not all enzymes consist of a single polypeptide. Some multimeric enzymes are formed by the product of multiple genes, each producing a separate…which combines to form the enzyme

A

polypeptide

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17
Q

One Gene, One Enzyme Theory
3. some genes are alternatively…to produce multiple proteins, or versions of a protein. So some genes produce multiple proteins - 20,000 human genes produce more than 2 million proteins

A

spliced

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18
Q

The “Central Dogma” of Biology: traces the path of…flow within cells

A

information

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19
Q

Transcription is DNA-directed…synthesis

A

RNA

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20
Q

RNA Polymerase is the one molecule that is concerned with…

A

Transcription

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21
Q

What is this?
- region of gene where RNA Polymerase attaches to Transcribe gene

A

Promoter

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22
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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23
Q

Are all types of RNA transcribed the same way?

A

yes

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24
Q

What type of RNA?
- carries the information from DNA to the Ribosome

A

mRNA

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25
Q

What type of RNA?
- a component of Ribosomes

A

rRNA

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26
Q

What type of RNA?
- escorts amino acids to the Ribosome

A

tRNA

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27
Q

What is a precursor for Transcription?

A

Ribonucleoside Triphosphate

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28
Q

Mechanism of Ribonucleoside Triphosphate:
- removal of…and polymerization of…to 3’ end of growing RNA chain

A

Pyrophosphate
Polymerization

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29
Q

Transcription occurs on…strand only

A

template

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30
Q

Transcription occurs on…gene only

A

one

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31
Q

RNA Polymerase attaches to DNA and…DNA

A

denatures

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32
Q

In Eukaryotes, a variety of…are involved in the attachment of RNA Polymerase and DNA

A

proteins

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33
Q

Proteins involved in the attachment between RNA Polymerase and DNA are termed Initiation and…factors

A

Transcription

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34
Q

What lines up opposite DNA Template stand and RNA Polymerase connects them together in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

A

Ribonucleoside Triphosphates

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35
Q

Within a chromosome, different strands of the double stranded DNA form the…strand

A

template

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36
Q

…occurs in a variety of ways in different RNAs. The final product (Primary Transcript), however is not the finished product

A

Termination

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37
Q

…are all Post-transcriptionally modified in a variety of ways

A

RNAs

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38
Q

The addition of a 5’ 7-methyl Guanosine “cap” occurs in…only

A

mRNA

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39
Q

Addition of a Poly-A tail occurs in…only

A

mRNA

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40
Q

Splicing: The removal of…can occur to any type of RNA, from the action of Spliceosomes, a complex of RNA and Proteins

A

Introns

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41
Q

….is a complex of RNA and proteins involved in the action of splicing

A

Spliceosomes

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42
Q

The removal of introns results in an RNA Transcript much…than the corresponding gene (DNA)

A

shorter

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43
Q

Alternative Splicing:
Not all…are included in the final mRNA

A

exons

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44
Q

Alternative Splicing:
If different introns are used to produce a mRNA, different proteins may be produced in different cells or tissues from the same…

45
Q

The primary transcript may be cut into more than one…(all RNAs exhibit this modification, but it always occurs in rRNA)

46
Q

RNA Editing is a process by which one or more…in an RNA can be changed, added or removed

A

nucleotides

47
Q

In…editing, one nucleotide is substituted for another

A

Substitution

48
Q

In…Editing, nucleotides are added or removed

A

Insertion/Deletion

49
Q

With Substitution editing,…modify or change one bae into another

50
Q

Substitution Editing:
Cytidine deaminases coverts a C in the RNA to…

A

Uracil (U)

51
Q

Substitution Editing:
Adenosine deaminase converts an A to Inosine (I), which the ribosome translates as a…

52
Q

Insertion/Deletion Editing uses guide RNAs produced by separate genes to bind and identify other RNA molecules in which a…will be added or removed

A

nucleotide

53
Q

Is RNA editing in all three types of RNA?

54
Q

Errors in RNA Editing can cause mental diseases such as…

A

schizophrenia

55
Q

The removal of nucleotides from the 5’ and/or 3’ end occurs in…RNAs

56
Q

The…modification of bases occurs in tRNA only

57
Q

The addition of CCA to 3’ end (if already does not end with CCA) occurs in…only

58
Q

Where does this take place?
- 5’ methyl-G cap

59
Q

Where does this take place?
- Poly-A tail

60
Q

Where does this take place?
- Chem. Modification of bases

61
Q

Where does this take place?
- Add CCA to 3’ end

62
Q

Where does this take place?
- Splicing

63
Q

Where does this take place?
- cut into >1 RNA

64
Q

Where does this take place?
- trimming

65
Q

Where does this take place?
- editing

66
Q

All three RNAs are used for…

A

Translation

67
Q

All three RNAs are used for Translation:
- mRNA carries the…

A

information

68
Q

All three RNAs are used for Translation:
- tRNA brings the…

A

amino acids

69
Q

All three RNAs are used for Translation:
-rRNA is a component of…

70
Q

What is this?
- a sequence of 3 bases in mRNA which code for an Amino Acid

71
Q

There are three codons (…) which stops translation rather than insert an Amino Acid

A

Terminators

72
Q

The codon AUG is the…, it marks the point where Translation begins

A

Initiation Codon

73
Q

The Genetic Code is degenerate (redundant), most Amino Acids are represented by more than one…

74
Q

tRNA has a 2-D shape and looks like a…

A

3-leaf clover

75
Q

tRNA has an…(amino acid is attached to the 3’ end of tRNA)

A

Acceptor Stem

76
Q

tRNA has a 3-D shape in which it looks like an…

77
Q

The…Loop is across from the acceptor stem, it pairs with the codon on mRNA

78
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthtases load proper AMino Acid onto…using energy from ATP

79
Q
  1. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase binds…and the specific Amino Acid recognized by that Activating Enzyme. The energy from ATP is transferred to the Amino Acid as AMP
80
Q
  1. Then the Synthetase binds one of the group of tRNAs recognizing that amino acid, and the Amino Acid is transferred from the…. to the tRNA
81
Q
  1. Finally, the tRNA, charged with the appropriate…is released, as is the Enzyme (in an unaltered state)
A

Amino Acid

82
Q

Ribosomes:
structure - large and small subunits each constructed of one or more…and 20-30 proteins

83
Q

Self Assembly - the parts automatically come together to form…

84
Q

The ribosome has how many positions to hold tRNAs?

85
Q

What are the three ribosomal positions to hold tRNAs?

A

A site
P site
E site

86
Q

What does the A site hold?

87
Q

What does the P site hold?

A

tRNA with polypeptide chain

88
Q

What does the E site hold?

A

empty tRNA to exit the ribosome

89
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis)
1. small…subunit attaches to 5’ end of mRNA

90
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
2. first…attaches to small subunit P site. Uses GTP as an energy source

91
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis)
3. Large ribosomal subunit attaches to form the complete…

92
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis)
4. The first Aminoacyl-tRNA has attached at the…Site and the second attaches at the…Site of the Ribosome, matching the 2nd codon of the mRNA

93
Q

The mRNA-Ribosome-tRNA Complex positions the Amino Acids so they are…to one another

94
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
5. …catalyzes a peptide bond between the first two Amino Acids by transferring the first amino acid from the first tRNA to the second amino acid

A

Peptidyl Transferase

95
Q

Amino Acids are polymerized (connected) with the…

A

Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction

96
Q

Amino Acids are polymerized (connected) with the Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction. Results in a direct…covalent bond

A

Carbon-Nitrogen

97
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
6. …moves the Ribosome to the next codon, using GTP as an energy source, with release of first tRNA from the exit (E) site. The first Amino Acid is attached to the second, which is attached to the second tRNA.

A

Translocation

98
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
7. The 3rd aminoacyl-tRNA anticodon attaches to the..Site of the Ribosome according to the 3rd mRNA codon.

99
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
8. Peptidyl Transferase catalyzes the next peptide bond. The Ribosome Translocates in the…direction once more

100
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
9. Repeat steps…

101
Q

Translation (RNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis):
10. Upon reaching a termination (stop) codon, a…Protein attaches instead of an Aminoacyl tRNA

102
Q

The releasing factor binds to the A-Site and causes the release of the last…and the Polypeptide

103
Q

The…Ribosomal Subunits are released from the mRNA and are recycled to find the same or another mRNA to Translate

104
Q

Each mRNA is…by numerous Ribosomes at the same time. Once the first clears the 5’ end, the next attaches

A

Translated

105
Q

A…is one mRNA and all the multiple Ribosomes Translating it at the same time

106
Q

Once synthesized, proteins with transit sequence may be exported to various…

A

organelles

107
Q

The Role of the ER in Glycoproteins Synthesis:
…causes the Ribosome to be transported to the ER

A

Signal Sequence

108
Q

When the signal sequence is completed, the…is released in the lumen of the ER and Ribosomal subunits are released to the Cytoplasm

A

Glycoprotein

109
Q

Once, synthesized, proteins may be modified in what three ways?

A

Proteolysis
Glycosylation
Phosphorylation

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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