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Biology 224 > Chapter Seventeen: An Introduction to Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter Seventeen: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of evolution refers to changes in a single gene in a population over time?

A

Microevolution

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2
Q

What type of evolution refers to the formation of new species or groups of related species?

A

Macroevolution

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3
Q

Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- life was created supernaturally
- organized from simple to complex

A

Chinese, Greeks, other early cultures

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4
Q

Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- an ideal. perfect world (“essence”) exists, in contrast to the apparent, imperfect world
- therefore, no need for change

A

Greek Philosophers

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5
Q

Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- God’s creation is perfect
- Species will neither disappear nor change

A

Early Church

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6
Q

What are the 4 factors promoting change of perspective?

A

Age of Enlightenment
Fossil Record
Geology
Thomas Malthus

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7
Q

The Age of Enlightenment (1700’s) questioned…inerrancy

A

Biblical

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8
Q

Who documented extinctions?

A

Georges Cuvier

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9
Q

Georges Cuvier opposed…(saw design in anatomy). He promoted catastrophism but did not embrace a biblical flood

A

evolution

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10
Q

Fossil sequence seemed to suggest a sequence of…organisms over time

A

different

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11
Q

James Hutton promoted…(slow, continual processes accumulate into a large effect opposite of catastrophism)

A

Gradualism

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12
Q

Charles Lyell promoted…

A

uniformitarianism

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13
Q

Thomas Malthus promoted that populations can increase faster than food supplies “survival of the…”

A

fittest

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14
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck - inheritance of acquired…

A

characteristics

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15
Q

Charles Darwin began training as a physician then turned to…

A

ministry

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16
Q

Similar but different species in…locations

A

different

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17
Q

…species similar to modern-day species

A

Fossil

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18
Q

Island species similar to but different from…species

A

mainland

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19
Q

Darwin - “The Origin of Species”
- lots of data on variability within…
- no actual data on speciation
- His thoroughness receives more credit

A

variability

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20
Q

Darwin was proposing that existing species developed from the modification of…species

A

pre-existing

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21
Q

Natural Selection:
Variation in traits occurs among individuals within a…

A

species

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22
Q

Natural Selection:
A variation in traits can be passed from parents to…

A

offspring

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23
Q

Natural Selection:
More offspring are produced than can…and reproduce

A

survive

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24
Q

Natural Selection:
Individuals with traits which make them better suited to their environment tend to…and produce more offspring

A

flourish

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25
Q

What is a problem with fossils being millions of years old (what is missing to see if they truly are millions of years old)?

A

Connective Tissue

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26
Q

What type of fossils go through multiple rock strata?

A

Polystrate

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27
Q

What is used to show the transition from fish to Amphibian?

A

Tiktaalik roseae

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28
Q

Tiktaalik roseae unlike a true…, had a broad skull, flexible neck, and eyes on top of the head. Fins has beginning of a primitive wrist and 5 finger-like bones.

A

fish

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29
Q

Evolutionists believe this example is one of the most convincing examples of macroevolution:

A

Whale Evolution

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30
Q

Who is the first proposed ancestor of whale evolution?

A

Pakicetus

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31
Q

Ambulocetus is included in…evolution because like whales they have a sigmoid process on auditory bulla and reduced zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

A

whale

32
Q

What in whale evolution was a quadruped (4-footed) with hips attached to the vertebral column?

A

Maiacetus

33
Q

What two things in whale evolution are both otter-like and semi-aquatic?

A

Rodhocetus and Kutchicetus

34
Q

What in whale evolution supposedly had a fluked tail?

A

Rodhocetus

35
Q

What two things in whale evolution are both aquatic and occur when forms with baleen occur, and others presumed to have echo-locating existed?

A

Basilosaurus and Durodon

36
Q

Whale Evolution (characteristics would all have to develop simultaneously for whales to evolve):
1. nostrils form…with muscle and nerve control
2. modification of…for underwater vision
3. ability to drink seawater and remove…
4. modify…
5. transform forelimbs into…
6. develop ability to nurse young
7. develop tail flukes and associated…
8. produce blubber for…
9. transition from herbivorous to carnivorous diet, with complete redesign of…
10. develop comb-like baleen to filter…
11. develop new structure “melon” for…

A

blowhole
eye
salt
skeleton
flippers
underwater
musculature
insulation
GI tract
food
echolocation

37
Q

What is the study of the geographic distribution of living and extinct species?

A

Biogeography

38
Q

What kind of evolution claims that different species from different lineages have separately evolved similar characteristics due to similar adaptive pressure from similar environments?

A

Convergent Evolution

39
Q

Many homologous structures have been found to be controlled by different…

A

genes

40
Q

Darwin redefined homologous to mean due to common…

A

descent

41
Q

…structures are anatomical features that have no current function, but resemble structures found in their ancestors

A

Vestigial Structures

42
Q

Are vestigial structures useless?

A

No

43
Q

Species that differ as adults may have striking similarities during…stages of development

A

embryonic

44
Q

The…and amino acid sequences from closely related species tend to be more similar than those from more distantly related species

A

nucleotide

45
Q

It is proposed that many species have experienced gene…over time

A

duplications

46
Q

Extra copies of genes are then free to mutate and…their normal function

A

lose

47
Q

False genes (pseudogenes) are non-functional copies of genes that share an ancestry with…genes

A

functional

48
Q

What type of globin is better at bing in oxygen in muscle cells?

A

Myoglobin

49
Q

What type of globin is better at oxygen binding in blood cells?

A

Hemoglobin

50
Q

What two globing are expressed early in development?

A

Epsilon and Zeta globins

51
Q

What globin is expressed in the second and third trimesters of development?

A

Gamma Globin

52
Q

After birth, the gamma globin is turned off and the…globin gene is turned on

A

Beta Globin

53
Q

New evidence shows that…are functional, just like all the other genes, and play important roles in gene regulation

A

pseudogenes

54
Q

…is a Beta-globin pseudogene and according to evolution is not active in humans

A

HBBP1

55
Q

what causes various blood diseases?

A

SNIPs

56
Q

…is a major regulatory gene in the hemoglobin family

A

SNIPs

57
Q

What gene is a tumor suppressor gene?

A

PTEN

58
Q

PTEN’s protein is a phosphatase involved in the regulation of the…

A

cell cycle

59
Q

There is a PTEN pseudogene which binds a…(micro-RNA)

A

miRNA

60
Q

Many pseudogenes act as “sponges” to bind…that are important in gene regulation

A

RNAs

61
Q

Specific parts of proteins are encoded by…, separated from one another by…

A

Exons
Introns

62
Q

Are introns useless “junk” DNA?

A

No

63
Q

The presence of multiple exons in genes allows different exons to be used to make the gene product in different cells and tissues (Alternative…)

A

Splicing

64
Q

Presence of multiple…, which can be used in different combinations, is a design feature of genes that is used to regulate and change what type of proteins are produced in different tissues

A

exons

65
Q

Some introns are spliced into circles, stay in the nucleus and enhance…(active genes)

A

Transcription

66
Q

Some introns contain second…within them

A

genes

67
Q

Some introns contain regulatory regions that affect neighboring…

A

genes

68
Q

When closely related species are examines, changes in what two parts of chromosomes are found?

A

Chromosome structure or number

69
Q

Chromosomal changes like inversions and translocations can produce the genetic isolation needed to drive…

A

speciation

70
Q

Apes have…chromosomes that correspond to our #2 chromosome

A

two

71
Q

Two chromosomes fused end to end from ape chromosomes form #2 led to…

A

humans

72
Q

What are two pieces of evidence that support the telomeric fusion hypothesis (ape to human)?

A
  1. Presence of teleomeric sequences in the “fusion site”
  2. Presence of alpha-satellite DNA in the “fusion site”
73
Q

Alphoid DNA is not evidence of a…

A

centromere

74
Q

mtDNA Conclusions:
1. …is likely no older than 100,000 yr.

A

Humanity

75
Q

mtDNA Conclusions:
2. What percent of all animals arose at the same time as mankind and are the sane age

A

90%

76
Q

mtDNA Conclusions:
3. If we revise the “…” with newer empirical evidence - all species, including mankind, have a recent origin, probably on the order of no more than 10,000 years

A

molecular clock

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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