Chapter Seventeen: An Introduction to Evolution Flashcards
What type of evolution refers to changes in a single gene in a population over time?
Microevolution
What type of evolution refers to the formation of new species or groups of related species?
Macroevolution
Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- life was created supernaturally
- organized from simple to complex
Chinese, Greeks, other early cultures
Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- an ideal. perfect world (“essence”) exists, in contrast to the apparent, imperfect world
- therefore, no need for change
Greek Philosophers
Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- God’s creation is perfect
- Species will neither disappear nor change
Early Church
What are the 4 factors promoting change of perspective?
Age of Enlightenment
Fossil Record
Geology
Thomas Malthus
The Age of Enlightenment (1700’s) questioned…inerrancy
Biblical
Who documented extinctions?
Georges Cuvier
Georges Cuvier opposed…(saw design in anatomy). He promoted catastrophism but did not embrace a biblical flood
evolution
Fossil sequence seemed to suggest a sequence of…organisms over time
different
James Hutton promoted…(slow, continual processes accumulate into a large effect opposite of catastrophism)
Gradualism
Charles Lyell promoted…
uniformitarianism
Thomas Malthus promoted that populations can increase faster than food supplies “survival of the…”
fittest
Jean Baptiste Lamarck - inheritance of acquired…
characteristics
Charles Darwin began training as a physician then turned to…
ministry
Similar but different species in…locations
different
…species similar to modern-day species
Fossil
Island species similar to but different from…species
mainland
Darwin - “The Origin of Species”
- lots of data on variability within…
- no actual data on speciation
- His thoroughness receives more credit
variability
Darwin was proposing that existing species developed from the modification of…species
pre-existing
Natural Selection:
Variation in traits occurs among individuals within a…
species
Natural Selection:
A variation in traits can be passed from parents to…
offspring
Natural Selection:
More offspring are produced than can…and reproduce
survive
Natural Selection:
Individuals with traits which make them better suited to their environment tend to…and produce more offspring
flourish
What is a problem with fossils being millions of years old (what is missing to see if they truly are millions of years old)?
Connective Tissue
What type of fossils go through multiple rock strata?
Polystrate
What is used to show the transition from fish to Amphibian?
Tiktaalik roseae
Tiktaalik roseae unlike a true…, had a broad skull, flexible neck, and eyes on top of the head. Fins has beginning of a primitive wrist and 5 finger-like bones.
fish
Evolutionists believe this example is one of the most convincing examples of macroevolution:
Whale Evolution
Who is the first proposed ancestor of whale evolution?
Pakicetus
Ambulocetus is included in…evolution because like whales they have a sigmoid process on auditory bulla and reduced zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
whale
What in whale evolution was a quadruped (4-footed) with hips attached to the vertebral column?
Maiacetus
What two things in whale evolution are both otter-like and semi-aquatic?
Rodhocetus and Kutchicetus
What in whale evolution supposedly had a fluked tail?
Rodhocetus
What two things in whale evolution are both aquatic and occur when forms with baleen occur, and others presumed to have echo-locating existed?
Basilosaurus and Durodon
Whale Evolution (characteristics would all have to develop simultaneously for whales to evolve):
1. nostrils form…with muscle and nerve control
2. modification of…for underwater vision
3. ability to drink seawater and remove…
4. modify…
5. transform forelimbs into…
6. develop ability to nurse young
7. develop tail flukes and associated…
8. produce blubber for…
9. transition from herbivorous to carnivorous diet, with complete redesign of…
10. develop comb-like baleen to filter…
11. develop new structure “melon” for…
blowhole
eye
salt
skeleton
flippers
underwater
musculature
insulation
GI tract
food
echolocation
What is the study of the geographic distribution of living and extinct species?
Biogeography
What kind of evolution claims that different species from different lineages have separately evolved similar characteristics due to similar adaptive pressure from similar environments?
Convergent Evolution
Many homologous structures have been found to be controlled by different…
genes
Darwin redefined homologous to mean due to common…
descent
…structures are anatomical features that have no current function, but resemble structures found in their ancestors
Vestigial Structures
Are vestigial structures useless?
No
Species that differ as adults may have striking similarities during…stages of development
embryonic
The…and amino acid sequences from closely related species tend to be more similar than those from more distantly related species
nucleotide
It is proposed that many species have experienced gene…over time
duplications
Extra copies of genes are then free to mutate and…their normal function
lose
False genes (pseudogenes) are non-functional copies of genes that share an ancestry with…genes
functional
What type of globin is better at bing in oxygen in muscle cells?
Myoglobin
What type of globin is better at oxygen binding in blood cells?
Hemoglobin
What two globing are expressed early in development?
Epsilon and Zeta globins
What globin is expressed in the second and third trimesters of development?
Gamma Globin
After birth, the gamma globin is turned off and the…globin gene is turned on
Beta Globin
New evidence shows that…are functional, just like all the other genes, and play important roles in gene regulation
pseudogenes
…is a Beta-globin pseudogene and according to evolution is not active in humans
HBBP1
what causes various blood diseases?
SNIPs
…is a major regulatory gene in the hemoglobin family
SNIPs
What gene is a tumor suppressor gene?
PTEN
PTEN’s protein is a phosphatase involved in the regulation of the…
cell cycle
There is a PTEN pseudogene which binds a…(micro-RNA)
miRNA
Many pseudogenes act as “sponges” to bind…that are important in gene regulation
RNAs
Specific parts of proteins are encoded by…, separated from one another by…
Exons
Introns
Are introns useless “junk” DNA?
No
The presence of multiple exons in genes allows different exons to be used to make the gene product in different cells and tissues (Alternative…)
Splicing
Presence of multiple…, which can be used in different combinations, is a design feature of genes that is used to regulate and change what type of proteins are produced in different tissues
exons
Some introns are spliced into circles, stay in the nucleus and enhance…(active genes)
Transcription
Some introns contain second…within them
genes
Some introns contain regulatory regions that affect neighboring…
genes
When closely related species are examines, changes in what two parts of chromosomes are found?
Chromosome structure or number
Chromosomal changes like inversions and translocations can produce the genetic isolation needed to drive…
speciation
Apes have…chromosomes that correspond to our #2 chromosome
two
Two chromosomes fused end to end from ape chromosomes form #2 led to…
humans
What are two pieces of evidence that support the telomeric fusion hypothesis (ape to human)?
- Presence of teleomeric sequences in the “fusion site”
- Presence of alpha-satellite DNA in the “fusion site”
Alphoid DNA is not evidence of a…
centromere
mtDNA Conclusions:
1. …is likely no older than 100,000 yr.
Humanity
mtDNA Conclusions:
2. What percent of all animals arose at the same time as mankind and are the sane age
90%
mtDNA Conclusions:
3. If we revise the “…” with newer empirical evidence - all species, including mankind, have a recent origin, probably on the order of no more than 10,000 years
molecular clock
