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Biology 224 > Chapter Eight: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter Eight: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall reaction in aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20

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2
Q

The first step in the breakdown of Glucose for energy is…

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

Glucose is split to two molecules of…

A

Pyruvate

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4
Q

Pyruvate is transported from the Cytoplasm into the _________ of the Mitochondria

A

Matrix

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5
Q

In the Matrix of the Mitochondria, Pyruvate is converted to…

A

Acetyl-CoA

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6
Q

The Krebs Cycle breaks Acetyl-CoA to what two things?

A

CO2 and Electrons

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7
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, CO2 and electrons are known as what two things?

A

NADH and FADH2

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8
Q

The energy in electrons in NADH is converted to the energy of _______ by Electron Transport (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

A

ATP

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9
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Glucose to Pyruvate

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10
Q

Where are glycolytic enzymes located?

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

In the first half of glycolysis, 2 ATP are added to Glucose converting it to _______, which is split into two molecules of _________

A

Fructose 1, 6-Bisphosphate
G3P

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12
Q

In the second half of Glycolysis, the two G3P are converted to two molecules of ___________, producing a total of ____ ATP and ____ NADH in the process

A

Pyruvate
4
2

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13
Q

When G3P is oxidized, it forms…

A

NADH

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14
Q

When G3P is dephosphorylated, it forms…

A

ATP

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15
Q

High-energy ______________ are transferred from a Substrate (like PEP) to make ADP making ________ without pumping Hydrogen ions and using ATP Synthase

A

Phosphates
ATP

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16
Q

What is the end product from each Glucose? (3 things)

A
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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17
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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18
Q

What is the noncompetitive inhibitor for Glycolysis that inactivates the enzyme so no more ATP is produced?

A

ATP

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19
Q

What kind of Respiration?
If oxygen and the Krebs Cycle are present, the complete oxidation to Carbon Dioxide and Water

A

Aerobic Respiration

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20
Q

What kind of Respiration?
If Oxygen or the Krebs Cycle are not present, Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to a waste product and discarded

A

Anaerobic Respiration

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21
Q

Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA using three reactions by what Complex?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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22
Q

The first step of Pyruvate Oxidation is: decarboxylated-splitting off…

A

CO2

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23
Q

The second step of Pyruvate Oxidation is: oxidized-passing electrons to…

A

NAD+

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24
Q

The third step of Pyruvate Oxidation is: The remaining 2-Carbon compound (Acetate) is added to CoA which makes…

A

Acetyl-CoA

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25
Q

How many enzymes convert Acetyl-CoA to Co2 and NADH?

A

8

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26
Q

Enzymes all occur in the…

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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27
Q

Decarboxylation: Steps 3 and 4 in the Citric Acid Cycle remove 2 _____ per Acetyl CoA

A

CO2

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28
Q

Oxidation: Steps 3, 4 and 8 in the Citric Acid Cycle pass electrons to ________ and Step 6 passes them to ______

A

NAD
FAD

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29
Q

Substrate-level Phosphorylation: Step 5 uses energy from rearranging Succinyl CoA to _____________ to add a PO4- to ADP, making _______

A

Succinate
ATP

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30
Q

Electron Yield per Glucose is what 4 things and from where?

A
  • 2 NADH from Glycolysis
  • 2 NADH from Pyruvate Oxidation
  • 6 NADH from Krebs Cycle
  • 2 FADH2 from Krebs Cycle
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31
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, the rate-limiting enzyme for mammals and humans is…

A

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

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32
Q

What two things in the Krebs Cycle act as inhibitors that slow the rate of the process so that no more ATP and NADH are produced?

A

NADH and ATP

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33
Q

Cytochromes are located in the ______ _______________ membranes as Respiratory Enzyme Complexes

A

inner mitochondrial

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34
Q

Step 1 of Electron Transport:
NADH passes electrons to…

A

NADH Dehydrogenase

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35
Q

Step 2 of Electron Transport:
NADH Dehydrogenase passes electrons to….

A

Ubiquinone

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36
Q

Ubiquinone accepts electrons from NADH Dehydrogenase and….

A

FADH2

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37
Q

Does Ubiquinone accept protons?

A

No

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38
Q

Protons are pumped from the matrix to the…

A

Intermembrane Space

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39
Q

Step 3 of Electron Transport:
Ubiquinone passes electrons to…

A

Cytochrome b-c1

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40
Q

Step 4 of Electron Transport:
Cytochrome b-c1 passes electrons to…

A

Cytochrome C

41
Q

Does Cytochrome C accept protons?

A

No

42
Q

Step 5 of Electron Transport:
Cytochrome C passes electrons to…

A

Cytochrome Oxidase

43
Q

Step 6 of Electron Transport:
Cytochrome Oxidase passes electrons to Oxygen, forming…

A

Water

44
Q

Does oxygen accept protons?

A

No

45
Q

Chemiosmotic Theory: As NADH Dehydrogenase Cytochrome b-c1, and Cytochrome Oxidase pass electrons, they also pass ___________ ________ from the Matrix to the Intermembrane Space

A

Hydrogen ions

46
Q

Chemiosmotic Theory established an…

A

Electrochemical Gradient

47
Q

H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix through ______ ____________ making ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ATP Synthase

48
Q

ATP Synthase is a ______________ protein

A

multimeric

49
Q

ATP Synthase consists of a base embedded in the inner ______________ Membrane, a shaft, and a rotating head

A

Mitochondrial

50
Q

The shaft of ATP Synthase rotates as H+ ions pass between the ____ and ____ subunits in the base

A

a and c

51
Q

The ________ degree rotation of ATP Synthase base causes conformational changes in the head

A

120

52
Q

In one conformation of ATP Synthase, the ________ subunit binds ADP and Phosphate

A

Beta

53
Q

In the second conformation of ATP Synthase, ADP and Phosphate are forced together making…

A

ATP

54
Q

In the third conformation of ATP Synthase, ATP is…

A

released

55
Q

____________ ________ flow is couples to ATP Synthesis

A

Hydrogen Ion

56
Q

The water produced in Electron Transport comes from Oxygen combining with the electrons from…

A

Carbohydrates

57
Q

Water produced in Electron Transport is produced…

A

metabolically

58
Q

The oxygen used in Electron Transport to make metabolic water is what makes it ____________ respiration

A

aerobic

59
Q

Most researchers agree that with Aerobic Respiration, ______ - ______ ATP are produced for every Glucose broken down

A

30-34

60
Q

The amount of ATP produced for every Glucose broken down may be less since the reducing power of _________ and ________ can be used for other reactions

A

NADH and FADH2

61
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor of Cytochrome Oxidase?

A

ATP

62
Q

When _______ levels are high, it binds to Cytochrome Oxidase, inhibiting it, and slowing down Electron Transport and the additional production of ATP

A

ATP

63
Q

Starches and Glycogen are broken down (digested) to ____________ subunits which enter Glycolysis

A

Glucose

64
Q

Fructose is converted to ______ which enters Glycolysis

A

G3P

65
Q

Are there limits on how much Fructose can be metabolized/burned?

A

Yes

66
Q

Excess Fructose consumption results in obesity, fatty liver, visceral fat accumulation, elevated insulin (insulin resistance and __________), and elevated leptin (leptin resistance and overeating)

A

diabetes

67
Q

The food industry adds Fructose to many foods it sells because it makes them taste _________, so you like it and buy more

A

sweeter

68
Q

Is Fructose a required or necessary for any human physiological process?

A

no

69
Q

______________ is converted to Glucose + Galactose (which is converted to Glucose 1-Phosphate which enters Glycolysis)

A

Lactose

70
Q

Proteins: Digestion to ________ ________ subunits

A

amino acid

71
Q

Proteins: Deamination to Organic Acids (which enter ____________ ___________ or Krebs Cycle but not Glycolysis as pyruvate is the end product)

A

Pyruvate Oxidation

72
Q

The organic acids formed by ______________ amino acids are either the organic acid intermediates of Pyruvate or the Krebs Cycle, or easily converted to them

A

deaminating

73
Q

Lipids (Triglycerides): Digestion to _______________ and Fatty Acids

A

Glycerol

74
Q

Lipids (Triglycerides): Glycerol goes into Glycolysis…

A

G3P

75
Q

Lipids (Triglycerides): Fatty Acids are split into _________ _______ (which enter Krebs Cycle)

A

Acetyl Groups

76
Q

____________ and _____________ have about equal energy per unit weight

A

Proteins and Carbohydrates

77
Q

____________ have about 2x the energy of either protein or carbohydrate

A

Lipids

78
Q

What type of diet?
- low in carbs so you lose weight
- Tryptophan is low in most of these diets
- must eat fish, poultry, and eggs to get sufficient Tryptophan

A

High Protein Diet

79
Q

What is important in diets that is also important in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter Serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

80
Q

Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine can be converted to organic acids then fat or glucose to increase _______ _______ or __________ resistance

A

Liver Fat
Insulin

81
Q

What kind of diet?
- worst diet
- replaces fats with sugars

A

Low Fat Diet

82
Q

High sugar diets lead to insulin resistance, diabetes and ____________

A

obesity

83
Q

The even-chained fatty acids in red meat are __________________ neutral

A

cardiovascularly

84
Q

The odd-chained fatty acids in dairy are associated with _____________ from metabolic diseases like diabetes and heart disease

A

protection

85
Q

What kind of diet?
- high in fats
- low in carbs
- people on this diet lose weight
- improves insulin sensitivity (reverses diabetes)
- hard to stay on with no baked goods or sugars

A

Keto Diet

86
Q

Vegan diets can be low in iron, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin B12, and…

A

Tryptophan

87
Q

A lot of the things missing in vegan diets can be supplemented or added with what two things?

A

Fish or Eggs

88
Q

What is a good thing that vegan diets provide that is good in any diet?

A

Fiber

89
Q

What good is Aerobic Respiration if Oxygen or the Krebs Cycle enzymes are not present?

A

None

90
Q

What can NADH be used for without Electron Transport?

A

Nothing
It is harmful at high concentrations

91
Q

In _____________ Fermentation, pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form Lactate, but the NADH is oxidized back to NAD+

A

Lactate

92
Q

With ____________ Fermentation, pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde, which is reduced using NADH, to ethanol, but oxidizing NADH back to NAD+

A

Ethanol

93
Q

The purpose of Fermentation is to convert NADH back to NAD+ so that ___________ can continue

A

Glycolysis

94
Q

The Energy Yield for Fermentation is ____ ATP per Glucose (Glycolysis)

A

2

95
Q

Some organisms, like some bacteria, under anaerobic conditions, produce….

A

Nitrate Reductase

96
Q

Nitrate Reductase is inserted into cytoplasmic/cell membrane and functions in place of ______________ ___________ to accept electrons from Cytochrome b, reducing Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrate (NO2-)

A

Cytochrome Oxidase

97
Q

Both _________ ____________ and _______________ pump H+ ions from the cytoplasm into periplasmic space (between membrane and cell wall)

A

NADH Dehydrogenase and Ubiquinone

98
Q

H+ ions flow through ATP Synthase to make ATP, but without _______ as an electron acceptor

A

O2

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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