Chapter Thirteen: Mutation, DNA Repair, and Cancer

Question 1

Mutations are permanent and…changes to the DNA

Answer 1

heritable

Question 2

What kind of mutation (Point or Chromosomal)?
- changes to nucleotide sequence of individual genes

Answer 2

Point Mutations

Question 3

What kind of mutation (Point or Chromosomal)?
- changes to the gene order of chromosomes

Answer 3

Chromosomal Mutation

Question 4

In Substitution Mutations, one nucleotide is replaced with…

Answer 4

another

Question 5

When one Nucleotide is substituted for another, one…in the resulting RNA will be altered

Answer 5

codon

Question 6

Typically in substitution mutations after the nucleotide is substituted, the altered RNA will alter one amino acid in the resulting…

Answer 6

protein

Question 7

The change of one…could produce little to no effect, or a lethal one in substitution mutations

Answer 7

amino acid

Question 8

In substitution mutations, it is also possible that the codon could be changed to a stop…and end the Protein prematurely

Answer 8

codon

Question 9

When a codon is changed to a stop codon, ending the Protein prematurely, it would most likely destroy the Protein’s…

Answer 9

function

Question 10

In Substitution Mutations, it is possible, due to the redundancy of the Genetic Code that the new codon would code for the same…

Answer 10

amino acid

Question 11

What is this called?
When a base substitution is present but the protein would not be changed and would function normally

Answer 11

Silent Mutation

Question 12

What is this called?
- add one or more nucleotides to a gene

Answer 12

Additions

Question 13

What is this called?
- delete one or more nucleotides from a gene

Answer 13

Deletions

Question 14

Both Additions and Deletions produce…

Answer 14

Frameshift Mutations

Question 15

Frameshift Mutations shift the…reading frame of the codons

Answer 15

triplet

Question 16

Mutations outside the Region Coding for the Nucleotides of the…can also have effects

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

Only mutations in the…line cells will be passed on to individuals of the next generation

Answer 17

Germ

Question 18

Mutations in…(or body) cells are not passed on to individuals of the next generation

Answer 18

Somatic

Question 19

…Mutations, like cancers, can have serious effects for the individual, but only that individual, not their children

Answer 19

Somatic

Question 20

Mutations may be of natural cause (spontaneous) or from outside factors (…)

Answer 20

induced

Question 21

…are chemicals or physical factors that alter the structure of DNA

Answer 21

Mutagens

Question 22

….are chemicals and can enter into reactions which convert them to something other than the normal four bases of DNA

Answer 22

Nucleic Acids

Question 23

Nitrous Oxide (found in smoked meats) can remove the amino group from Cytosine or Adenine, replacing it with a carbonyl group to produce Uracil and…

Answer 23

Hypoxanthine

Question 24

Cytosine normally pairs with Guanine, but when converted to Uracil, pairs with…

Answer 24

Adenine

Question 25

C-G pair is converted to a U-A (T-A) pair in a…

Answer 25

substitution mutation

Question 26

Adenine normally pairs with Thymine, but when converted to Hypoxanine, pairs with…

Answer 26

Cytosine

Question 27

An A-T pair is converted to a H-C (G-C) pair in a…

Answer 27

substitution mutation

Question 28

…are similar enough to the “real” DNA bases to be incorporated into DNA, but they don’t have the same faithfulness in pairing

Answer 28

Base Analogues

Question 29

Base Analogues produce…mutations

Answer 29

substitution

Question 30

The Causes of Mutations:
Ionizing Radiation (X-rays) physically…DNA which may not be repaired correctly

Answer 30

cut

Question 31

The Causes of Mutations:
Bases could be…

Answer 31

removed

Question 32

The Causes of Mutations:
Strands could be…

Answer 32

cut

Question 33

The Causes of Mutations:
UV light has high enough energy to promote covalent linkages between adjacent…bases (T-T dimers)

Answer 33

Pyrimidine

Question 34

The Causes of Mutations:
…does not recognize the T-T dimer as a normal base and will randomly insert one

Answer 34

DNA Polymerase

Question 35

The Causes of Mutations:
Substitution mutations are…

Answer 35

promoted

Question 36

DNA Repair:
…Excision Repair is one of the more widespread and better understood mechanisms

Answer 36

Nucleotide

Question 37

….Complex scans DNA looking for errors, such as Thymine dimers

Answer 37

UvrABA

Question 38

DNA Repair:
When dimer is found, UvrB releases UvrA and recruits…

Answer 38

UvrC

Question 39

DNA Repair:
…cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone on either side of the mutation

Answer 39

UvrC

Question 40

…(a helicase) is recruited to remove the damaged section from one cut to the other

Answer 40

UvrD

Question 41

DNA Repair:
Finally, …replaces the damaged removed section, using the intact, undamaged strand as a template

Answer 41

DNA Polymerase

Question 42

What is used to close the final gap in DNA Repair?

Answer 42

DNA Ligase