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democracy and nazism > chapter one > Flashcards

chapter one Flashcards

1
Q

by the end of september 1918 …

A

general ludendorff and the german high command that germany was on the brink of defeat , concluding to avoid humiliation ask for peace terms instead

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1
Q

9th november 1918

A

kasier abdicates and flees too holland which had been a neutral ground throughout the war

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2
Q

what did the fourteen points primarily include

A

establishes league of nations
- to monitor future disputes
self determination
- nations rule themselves
general disarmament

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3
Q

what do the fourteen points try and do

A

create peace and prevent another war

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4
Q

name and describe the two October reforms

A

prince max of baden as new chancellor
- chancellor responsible too the reichstag new gov established on majorty parties in reichstag including spd
armed forces put in control of civil government

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5
Q

what do the Ocotber reforms signify

A

a revolution from above , constitutional reforms , as not a result of popular pressure

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6
Q

3rd October 1918

A

prince max of baden writes to woodrow wilson to request an armistice

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7
Q

how long does wilson take to reply to the armistice and why

A

3 weeks as wilson though the german high command was using the request to buy time and regroup with a new offensive.

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8
Q

what did wilson request when he replied to armistice

A

germany evacuate all occupied territory
end submarine warfare
fully democratise its political system

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9
Q

wilsons requests for the armistice effectively …
- almost the effect of this proposal

A

forced germany to surrender the kaiser , ludendorrf tried and failed to gather support for a last military effort , then resigned and fled to sweden

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10
Q

how did the public react to the request for an armistice

A

undermined their respect for the kaiser , military and political leaders
shocked

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11
Q

22nd October 1918

A

a strike in friedrichshafen workers shouted “the kaiser is a scoundrel” and “up the german republic”

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12
Q

28th October 1918

A

germans navy high command ordered ships from wilhelmshaven to attack british ships in the english channel , refused to obey orders , naval mutiny

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13
Q

3rd-4th november 1918

A

naval mutiny spread to kiel , mutinied against their officers and took control of the base . following day spread to the city.

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14
Q

6th november 1918

A

workers and soliders councils springing up , seemed similar to the russian revoloution of 1917 , and from the outside appeared gemany to be close to communist revoloution . but most rebels were patriotic germans and not radical socialists.

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15
Q

8th november 1918

A

a republic was proclaimed in bavaria and the bavarian monarchy was deposed , shows max of baden had lost control of the situation

16
Q

SPD 9th november 1918

A

spd called on workers in berlin to join strikes to force to kaiser to abdicate
threatend to withdraw support from maxs gov if kaiser did not abdicate in 24 hours

17
Q

MAX 9th november 1918

A

kaiser refused to abdicate after spd threats
max took situation into his own hands released a press statement saying the kaiser had abdicated
- had no constitutional authority to act this way
max resigns as chancellor

18
Q

EBERT 9th november 1918

A

becomes chancellor
the leader of the spd

19
Q

SCHEIDEMANN 9th november 1918

A

announces german republic is in exsistence
leading figure in spd

20
Q

GROENER 9th november 1918

A

tells the kaiser he no longer has the support of the army

21
Q

10 november 1918

A

ebert groener pact
groener telephoned ebert to tell him te army leadership would support the gov , in return groener demanded ebert resist the demand of the soliders councils to democraticse and defend germany against communist revoloution , ebert assured gov resist further revoloution

22
Q

11 november 1918

A

ebert signs armistice

23
Q

22 november 1918

A

an agreement between the new gov and berlins workers and councils where the gov only excercised power in the name of these councils . temporary fix.
- eberts gov saw councils as expression of revoloution and autocratic system was not abolished until aristocratic states were broken up : the army civil service judiciary democraticsed and key industries nationalised .

24
Q

19 january 1919

A

first election of new gov
first election women allowed to vote
turnout 30 million

25
Q

results of first election 19 jan

A

spd secured largest share of the votes and largest number of seats in the assembly but not a majorty
- ebert prime minster spd
- phillip scheidemann lead new gov
- coalition with centre and german democratic parties

26
Q

centre party

A

catholic intrests in the mainly protestant german reich
strong support in catholic areas of bavaria and rhineland
supported democratic institution

27
Q

german democratic party DDP

A

left leaning liberal party based on old progressive party
most support came from intellectuals and middle class
supported democratic institution

28
Q

german nationals people party DNVP

A

nationalist party based off old conservative party
most aupport came from landowners and small business owners
rejected democratic institution

29
Q

german peoples party DVP

A

right leaning liberal party based on old national liberation party
most support came from upper middle class and business interests
opposed to new republic but willing to participate in new gov

30
Q

strengths of new constitution

A

wider right to vote than other countries wome could vote and allowed to become deputies in reichstag and other state parliaments
proportional representation smaller parties can win seates in reichstag
divide into 35 electoral districts , 1 mil voters each
full democracy in centeral and local gov
outlines rights of the indvidual eg all equal before law
referendums can be held by prime minster or if a tenth of an electorate applied for one

31
Q

weaknesses of new constitution

A

proliferarion of small parties , could gain representation in reichstag often holding extremist views etc
coalition government , because of proliferation of smaller parties hard for large parties to gain a majorty , so had to join coalition with other parties

32
Q

article 48

A

gave president power to rule by decree in exceptional circumstances

33
Q

how many times did ebert use article 48

A

136 , some deemed to be geuine reasons , but also when he jsut wanted to override opposition in reichstag

democracy and nazism (19 decks)

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