chapter one Flashcards
by the end of september 1918 …
general ludendorff and the german high command that germany was on the brink of defeat , concluding to avoid humiliation ask for peace terms instead
9th november 1918
kasier abdicates and flees too holland which had been a neutral ground throughout the war
what did the fourteen points primarily include
establishes league of nations
- to monitor future disputes
self determination
- nations rule themselves
general disarmament
what do the fourteen points try and do
create peace and prevent another war
name and describe the two October reforms
prince max of baden as new chancellor
- chancellor responsible too the reichstag new gov established on majorty parties in reichstag including spd
armed forces put in control of civil government
what do the Ocotber reforms signify
a revolution from above , constitutional reforms , as not a result of popular pressure
3rd October 1918
prince max of baden writes to woodrow wilson to request an armistice
how long does wilson take to reply to the armistice and why
3 weeks as wilson though the german high command was using the request to buy time and regroup with a new offensive.
what did wilson request when he replied to armistice
germany evacuate all occupied territory
end submarine warfare
fully democratise its political system
wilsons requests for the armistice effectively …
- almost the effect of this proposal
forced germany to surrender the kaiser
ludendorrf tried and failed to gather support for a last military effort , then resigned and fled to sweden
how did the public react to the request for an armistice
undermined their respect for the kaiser , military and political leaders
shocked
22nd October 1918
a strike in friedrichshafen workers shouted “the kaiser is a scoundrel” and “up the german republic”
28th October 1918
germans navy high command ordered ships from wilhelmshaven to attack british ships in the english channel , refused to obey orders , naval mutiny
3rd-4th november 1918
naval mutiny spread to kiel , mutinied against their officers and took control of the base . following day spread to the city.
6th november 1918
workers and soliders councils springing up , seemed similar to the russian revoloution of 1917 , and from the outside appeared gemany to be close to communist revoloution . but most rebels were patriotic germans and not radical socialists.
8th november 1918
a republic was proclaimed in bavaria and the bavarian monarchy was deposed , shows max of baden had lost control of the situation
SPD 9th november 1918
spd called on workers in berlin to join strikes to force to kaiser to abdicate
threatend to withdraw support from maxs gov if kaiser did not abdicate in 24 hours
MAX 9th november 1918
kaiser refused to abdicate after spd threats
max took situation into his own hands released a press statement saying the kaiser had abdicated
- had no constitutional authority to act this way
max resigns as chancellor
EBERT 9th november 1918
becomes chancellor
the leader of the spd
SCHEIDEMANN 9th november 1918
announces german republic is in exsistence
leading figure in spd
GROENER 9th november 1918
tells the kaiser he no longer has the support of the army
10 november 1918
ebert groener pact
groener telephoned ebert to tell him te army leadership would support the gov , in return groener demanded ebert resist the demand of the soliders councils to democraticse and defend germany against communist revoloution , ebert assured gov resist further revoloution
11 november 1918
ebert signs armistice
22 november 1918
an agreement between the new gov and berlins workers and councils where the gov only excercised power in the name of these councils . temporary fix.
- eberts gov saw councils as expression of revoloution and autocratic system was not abolished until aristocratic states were broken up : the army civil service judiciary democraticsed and key industries nationalised .
