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democracy and nazism > chapter eleven > Flashcards

chapter eleven Flashcards

1
Q

appointment of hitler

A
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2
Q

30 jan 1933

A

hitler summoned to hidenbergs office
hitler was inv by hidenberg to lead a new government of national concentration , a coalition in which the Nazi Party would share power w DVNP and others incl Franz Von Papen

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3
Q

after meeting 30 jan 1933

A

Hitler had been appointed chancellor of the new government although hitler was the leader of the largest party in the reichstag Franz and Hidenberg thought due to his lack of his experience he would be easy to control and manipulate

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4
Q

in 1932 hitler and the nazis won enough votes to become largest party in reichstag but

A

did not have absolute majority and large majority of germans supported other parties

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5
Q

KEY TO REMEMBER
hitler did not become chancellor based on a nazi led political uprising

A

his appointment as chancellor was fundamentally down to the backstairs intrigue

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6
Q

political and economic crisis
the fall of burnings gov

A

march 1930 - may 1932

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7
Q

brunings coalition march 1930-may 1932 did not have majority support in the reich

A
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8
Q

burnings appointment by hidenebrg had been heavily influenced by …

A

schleicher
and could only make laws if approved by Hidenberg and Schleicher

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9
Q

Schleicher was determined to bring back a more authoritarian style of government and attempted this under Burning …

A

this meant burnings gov ruled largely under presidential decree

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10
Q

economic policy
brunings priority was too reduce state expenditure by cutting welfare benefits reducing the number of cicil servants and cutting wages , dubbed the

A

hunger chancellor

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11
Q

these economic policy measures contributed to the depression and by feb 1932 unemployment reached …

A

6 million and exceeded

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12
Q

as unemployment increased so did the electoral support for the nazis and the communists in turn

A

the level or street violence also rose

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13
Q

spring 1932
growing alarm among the middl class and upper class over the belief that …

A

germany was descending into chaos and that a communist revolution was possible

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14
Q

April 1932

A

burning imposed a ban on the SA in an attempt to stop street violence

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15
Q

under burning the political situation continued to detoriate and in turn

A

Schleicher withdrew his support
- was concerned that in doing so this would provoke a nazi uprising and came to the conclusion after the presidential election that no gov could rule w out nazi support

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16
Q

in talks with Schleicher hitler refused to join a coalition unless he was chancellor

A

hitler did not agree to oppose a new gov on condition that there would be a new reichstag election and that the ban on the SA was lifted

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16
Q

hidenebrg acting on Schleichers advice refused to sign a presidential decree burning had submitted and in turn

A

bruning had no alternative but to resign , hideneberg replaced him with papen.

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17
Q

papens government

A

may - December 1932

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18
Q

following the orders of hidenebrg and Schleicher her paper attempted to establish a..

A

government of national concentration and constructed his gov on a non political basis

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19
Q

only party that supported papens attempt at gov was DVNP in turn was rewarded with

A

two posts in cabinet

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20
Q

all other positions in cabinet were filled by …

A

men not from the reichstag but from the landowning elite hence the nickname ‘ cabinet of barons ‘

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21
Q

the limited support papens gov had meant it had to

A

rule by decree
- which did suit papens authoritarian style

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22
Q

papen believed the greatest threat too germany was a communist revolution and that weimar had allowed this to grow

A

papen as an aristocrat looked down on the nazis although he did sympathise with hitlers ideas
saw their mass popular support as useful allies

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23
Q

June 1932

A

papen lifted the ban on the SA and imposed curbs on left wing press
- resulting in a new wave of street violence especially during the reichstag election campaign of July 1932`

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24
Q

JULY 17 1932

A

most serious incident of political violence occurred in Hamburg
happened in a mainly working clad district with a large kpd following
large SA march was confronted my several hundred com
police panicked and open attacked on the communists killing 18 and injuring over 100

25
Q

papen blamed the actions on 17 July on the SPD led state gov of Prussia for the breakdown of law and order

A

and used this as an excuse to dismiss the gov and declared a state of emergency in Prussia and used the order to impose order in Berlin

26
Q

papen appointed himself reich commissioner in Prussia

A

his actions went beyond his constitutional powers

27
Q

JULY / NOV 1932
KPD

A

14.3% J
16.9% N

28
Q

JULY / NOV 1932
SPD

A

21.6% J
20.4% N

29
Q

JULY / NOV 1932
CENTRE

A

12.4% J
11.9% N

30
Q

JULY / NOV 1932
DVP

A

1.2% J
1.9% N

31
Q

JULY / NOV 1932
DVNP

A

5.9% J
8.8% N

32
Q

JULY / NOV 1932
NSDAP

A

37.3% J
33.1% N

33
Q

most moderate parties with the exception of the centre suffered loses in the July 1932 election as

A

Germanys political life had become even more polarised compared with the previous election in September 1930

34
Q

DVNP suffered heavy loses in July 1932 election to the nazis as

A

the nazis had established themselves as the main party on the right
- succeed in attracting large numbers of middle class voters many whom had not participated in an election before any many of the unemployed

35
Q

who did the nazis not manage to appeal to

A

the demographic of KPD / SPD voters or the catholic voters from the centre party

36
Q

around July 1932 what did Goebbels note in his diary regarding the successn of then nazis

A

“we have won a tiny bit.we won’t get an absolute majority this way.something must happen. the time for opposition is over.nown deeds!”

37
Q

vote of no confidence for papens gov was passed 512/42

A

papens postion had weekend and he was forced to ask hideneberg to dissolve the reichstag and call a new election in November 1932

38
Q

nov 1932 nazis lost votes but still remained largest party in the reichstag

A

lost 2 million votes
34 seats

39
Q

reason for nazi vote loss in nov 1932 was due to hitler alienating the middle class

A

he did this by his attacks on papen and his refusal to join a coalition gov if he could not lead it

40
Q

the middle class voters that were alienated by hitler turned to support

A

the DVP and DVNP
saw a modest revival in their electoral support

41
Q

another factor in the nazis alienating then middle class was the fact they supported a communist led transport strike in Berlin during the election campaign

A

this damaged the perception of the nazis in the eyes of the middle class as they were afraid of a communist revoloution

42
Q

nov 1932 was the worst for papen as his government faced a hostile reichstag majority and he was beginning to loose credibility in the eyes of the army in turn

A

papen considered banning the nazis and the communist and using the army to enforce an authoritarian style of government , bypassing the reichstag .
schleicher informed papen that the army would not support him , had to RESIGN

43
Q

hidenberg had a small group of advisors who were involved in all key decisions

A

chief among these was Kurt von Schleicher who since 1926 had been the poltical head of the army
- had been instrumental in persuading Hindenburg to withdraw his support from bruning in may 1932 and appoint papen
- nov 1932 Schleicher was too deeply involved in the downfall off papen

44
Q

papen
independent minded

A

schleicher
ambitious
quick witted
addicted

45
Q

Schleicher as a conservative worked for the restoration of authoritarian rule in Germany but as a pragmatist…

A

aimed for an alliance between the old conservatives and the nazis , who with their popular support would legitimise authoritarian regime dominated by old conservatives

46
Q

within hidenbergs office their was also two other men

A
  • Oskar von Hindenburg
    the presidents son , army officer , had close links to Schleicher , opinions valued by his father
  • Dr Otto Meissner
    a civil servant who ran the presidents office and acted as a key between hitler and Hindenburgs negotiations .
47
Q

how did Hindenburg regard hitler

A

with disdain and viewed the nazis as noisy undisciplined rabble
- therefore reluctant to concede on hitlers demands too be chancellor , after the fall of papen Hindenburg was running out of options

48
Q

schleichers government

A

December 1932-january 1933

49
Q

after the fall of papen Schleicher persuaded Hindenburg to appoint him as Chancellor..

A

hindenburg was reluctant to make this move as he preferred to exercise his influence from behind the scenes

50
Q

Schleicher faced difficulty when trying to construct a government as he alienated papen and lost some of Hindenburgs trust as he conspired abasing papen . Schleicher chose to try ..

A

and persuade the nazis to join a coalition government led by him

51
Q

the nazis had suffered many setbacks ..

A

nov 1932 lost 2 million votes
dec 1932 state elections lost more support
suffering financially

52
Q

Schleicher belived he could use these setbacks and apply pressure on hitler and the divisions in the party in turn

A

this led to negotiations with the party organisation leader Gregor Strasser
- hitler moved quickly to get rid of Strasser and schlecihers bid to. win nazi support was over

53
Q

Schleicher changed tatic and tried to take then approach of a progressive social policy believing that …

A

it would gain support from trade unions and through them gain the support of the reichstag

54
Q

as the economic situation improved Schleicher introduced and removed some measures …

A
  • cancelled cuts in wages and benefits made by paper in sept
  • considered a large scale job creation scheme to relive unemployment
  • talked about breaking up some of the large estates in the east and distributing the land to small farmers
55
Q

what did people think of these potential changes

A

too much for the industrialists and landowners , backbone of the German conservative politics
also failed to attract support of unions

56
Q

schleicher failed not get support so in a desperate plea asked hindenburg too

A

suspend the constitution
dissolves the reichstag
and give him essentially dictatorship powers
- Hindenburg refused and Schleicher resigned

57
Q

papen had been involved in negotiations with hitler over forming a new coalition , hitler still insisted on being chancellor in any new gov he was apart off but hen was now …

A

Prepared too consider a coalition.
- Alfred Hugenberg the DVNP leader indicated that he was prepared to support a nazi led coalition.

58
Q

talks between hitler , papen and Hindenburg begun now without Schleicher which led to a deal..

A

in which hitler would form a coalition gov with himself as chancellor
papen vice chancellor
hugenberg run the economics and food ministries
- apart from hitler their would only be two other nazis in cabinet

59
Q

hindenburg doubts were laid to rest as papen and Oskar von hindenburg assured him

A

papen and hidenberg believed that the would be easy to control due t6o his poorly educated and inexperienced government

60
Q

summary

A

hitler could not have become chancellor without the nazis success in elections
attempts to form government without the nazis prior had all fell through due to lack of support in reichstag
additionally always the perceived threat that if the nazis demands were not met they would push Germany into a civil war
hindenburgs advisers concluded it would be safer to haven hitlerin government then excluded from it
papen believed he could manipulate hitler , poor judgement

democracy and nazism (19 decks)

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