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democracy and nazism > chapter fourteen > Flashcards

chapter fourteen Flashcards

1
Q

hitler was determined that the nazi regime would not be bound by

A

the law and legal systems

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2
Q

the nazi concept of authority was based on the

A

leadership principle

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3
Q

as a “man of destiny” chosen to lead the third reich , Germany , and express the will of the people hitlers word was

A

law

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4
Q

after 1933 the nazis did not introduce a new

A

legal system or constitution

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5
Q

instead introduced some new laws to deal with political forces and forced

A

the existing justice system to adapt and bend to their will

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6
Q

also introduced new courts and new police organisations to ensure

A

political opponents were dealt with

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7
Q

meaning by 1933 the legal principles and on which Germany had been based on during the Weimar period …

A

no longer applied

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8
Q

consequences of the legal and constitutional reforms

A

no longer were citizens treated equal before the law
judges were not permitted to operate independently of the government
individuals could be arrested and imprisoned without trial

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9
Q

law was applied in a

A

arbitrary and inconsistent fashion

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10
Q

in the Weimar Republic individual state authorities controlled

A

the police forces

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11
Q

nazis did not abolish these seperate police forces but created a system of party controlled political forces answerable to

A

hitler , which gradually gained control over the whole police system

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12
Q

this proliferation of police forces created confusion and comepetion between

A

the various police forces and between the powerful men who controlled them

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13
Q

the ss was controlled by

A

Himmler

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14
Q

the SD was an

A

intelligence gathering offshoot of the SS

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15
Q

the SA was controlled by

A

Rohm

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16
Q

the SA also acquired

A

police powers to arrest and detain political prisoners

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17
Q

the gestapo was

A

the secret state police force in Prussia

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18
Q

during 1933 the remit of the gestapo was extended to cover

A

the whole country

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19
Q

between 1933 and 1936 there was competition between

A

Himmler , rohm and Goering for control over the police

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20
Q

Himmlers power was strengthened by

A

the night of the long knives in 1934

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21
Q

who was eliminated in the night of long knives

A

rohm , reducing the SA’s powers

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22
Q

Himmler was also able to exploit the rivalry between

A

Goering and the minster of the interior Wilhelm frick

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23
Q

situation was partially resolved when in 1936 when the

A

SS and SD and Gestapo were placed under Himmlers command

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24
Q

Himmlers victory was established in 1939 with the creation of

A

the Reich Security Department Headquarters which placed all party and state police organisation under one organisation supervised by the SS

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25
Q

The SS acted as

A

hitlers bodyguards

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26
Q

after the night of long knives and the nazis coming to power the police role of the SS expanded and became

A

the main Nazi party organisation involved in the identification and arrest of political prisoners

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27
Q

by 1936 after himmler had been appointed as chief of German police the

A

SS controlled the entire third reich police system and concentration camps

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28
Q

Under SS control the police system in Germany was an instrument of the

A

Fruher and the nazi party

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29
Q

Himmler intender for the SS too be

A

strictly disciplined
racially pure
unquestionably obedient

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30
Q

the key values for an SS member were

A

loyalty
honour
adherence to nazi ideology

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31
Q

after 1936 there was a noticeable tightening of control and an increase in repression as seen in the increase of

A

concentration camp inmates

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32
Q

whereas the SA had engaged in violence and terror through undisciplined street brawls the SS

A

operated in a far more systematic way

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33
Q

violence and murder were instruments off

A

state power

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34
Q

SS concentration camp guards were deliberately

A

brutalised to remove any feelings of humanity they might feel towards their prisoners

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35
Q

The SD wad established in 1931 as the

A

internal security service of the nazi party

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36
Q

SD was an offshoot of the SS and it was set up too

A

investigate claims that the party had been infiltrated by its political enemies

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37
Q

The SD was led by

A

Heydrich

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38
Q

after 1933 the SDs role was

A

intelligence gathering

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39
Q

one of the SDs most important roles was to monitor public opinions thus

A

identifying those who voted no in plebcites and to report these to hitler

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40
Q

by 1939 the SD had

A

50,000 officers

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41
Q

the large force of the SD shows

A

how successful Heyrich had been in establishing his own power base

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42
Q

The SD as the nazi party organisation worked

A

independently of the gestapo which was a state organisation , leading to overlap and confusion between the two organisations

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43
Q

The SD was staffed not by

A

professional police officers but by amateurs who were committed nazis

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44
Q

the gestapo developed a reputation of being

A

all knowing

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45
Q

ordinary germans believed that the gestapo had agents in

A

every workplace pub and neighbourhood

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46
Q

the reality of the gestapo wads different it was a fairly small organisation with

A

20,000 officers in 1939 to cover the whole country

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47
Q

most of the gestapos agents were office based not field agents and generally

A

were not members of the nazi party instead were professional police officers who wanted to serve their state

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48
Q

the gestapo relied on information supplied by informers , nazi activists were asked

A

to spy on neighbours , workmates as a source of information

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49
Q

every block of lates and every residential street had its

A

“block leader” who would report suspicious information

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50
Q

even more information came from denunciations of work mates and flat mates from

A

ordinary germans , most motivated not by political commitment but by personal grudges

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51
Q

volume of information was so overwhelming and was impossible to investigate all alleged crimes thus the gestapo resorted to

A

arbitrary arrest and preventive custody

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52
Q

despite its small size the gestapo was successful in instilling an atmosphere of

A

fear and suspicion in the German population

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53
Q

politcal criticism and debate was stifled
people believed that the gestapo was everywhere and thus

A

adjusted behaviour accordingly

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54
Q

judges and lawyers were generally conservative and very few belonged to

A

the nazi party in 1933

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55
Q

violence and intimidation carried out by the SA and SS was clearly illegal and a many prosecutions against storm troopers were begun by lawyers who were determined to uphold the law creating problems

A

as the long tradition of freedom from political interference for lawyers and judges created problems fro nazis

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56
Q

hitler was also angered by the fact that the Supreme Court acquitted all but one of the defendants in the

A

reichstag fire trial

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57
Q

a few judges and state prosecutors were

A

dismissed by the regime

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58
Q

the merging of the various professional associations of judges and lawyers with the league of national socialist lawyers creating the front of German law in April 1933 made it clear to

A

judges and lawyers that their career prospects depended on doing the regimes bidding

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59
Q

introducing new courts , special courts were set up in 1933 and the peoples court in April 1934 to run alongside the existing court system , was set up to deal with

A

political crimes
had three nazi judges alongside two professional judges
there were no juries and defendants had no rights to appeal against their sentences

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60
Q

with these measure backed by threats from the SA and the SS lawyers and judges fell into line although the old court system continued to exist

A

many non nazi judges continued in their jobs , the justice system had no power to interfere with the nazis use of terror

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61
Q

between 1934 and 1939

A

3400 people were tried by the people court , most of whom were former communist and socialist . many were given the death penalty which became increasingly popular in the third reich

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62
Q

when assessing the nature and extent of the terror state in nazi Germany it is important to acknowledge their was a

A

strong base of support for the regime

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63
Q

through the use of propaganda and gleichschaltung

A

the regime was able to gain acceptance to majority of people

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64
Q

the nazi SS police system was presented as the main instrument to protect the majority against

A

the cosrruprpting influence of minorities

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65
Q

the “peoples court “ and “popular justice” portrayed repression and persecution as something

A

that reflected the will of the people

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66
Q

to a large extent this propaganda appears to have been effective even with the gestapo having limited resources it still

A

instilled fear and sucsipicion to general public , largely thanks due to the cooperation of many ordinary citizens

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67
Q

on the whole there was little active opposition and there was evidence of hitlers popularity gaining , life in nazi Germany became depoliticised there was no

A

open and free debate about the regime or its policies .

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68
Q

historians generally agree that there was a widespread acceptance of the regime and most German subscribed to the view that

A

the third reich was preferable to the disorder of the final Weimar Republic years

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69
Q

the parties of left , the Spd and the kpd were expected to mount

A

the stiffest resistance to hitler

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70
Q

hitler himself feared that unions which were linked to the spd would

A

stage a general strike to thwart the nazi takeover in 1933 just as they had done in 1920 to defeat the kapp putsch

71
Q

in the eventide left did not pose a serious threat to nazi regime partly because

A

it was bitterly divided with the kpd attacking the spd as “social facsists”

72
Q

in January 1933 the spd was unprepared for a

A

nazi takeover

73
Q

as a constitutional party committed to working within the states legal framework the spd was not equipped to

A

organise resistance to a regime that did not respect the law

74
Q

spd activists continued to campaign openly for the election in march 19222 and suffered

A

SA violence as a result

75
Q

Spd deputies bravely defied SA and SS intimidation to vote against the enabling act in the reichstag but

A

once the regime had acquired legal powers to establish a dictatorship it began to crush the spd

76
Q

by the end of 1933 thousands of spd activists had been

A

murdered or placed into preventive custody and the spd leadership fled into exile

77
Q

gradually the spd adapted to changed conditions in Germany organised in exile by Schumacher from a base in Prague the party estahlished

A

small secret cells of supporters in factories and some city based groups such as the Berlin red patrol

78
Q

propagada booklets from the spd were

A

smuggled over the border from Czechoslovakia

79
Q

the constant fear of exposure and arrest from the gestapo limited the scope of the spds illegal activities the priority for those involved was to

A

survive and be prepared for a future collapse of the regime rather then mount a serious challenge

80
Q

with its background in revolutionary politics the kpd was much h better prepared than the

A

spd for engaging in underground activity

81
Q

the kpd was however devastated by the wave of

A

repression unleashed upon communists in Germany after hitler came into power

82
Q

the kpd was the first party to be banned and its leader Ernst thalmann was arrested at an earlier stage about

A

10% of the kpds membership was killed by the nazis during 1933

83
Q

the kpd established an underground network in some German industrial centres , revolutionary unions were set up in

A

berlin and hamburg to recruit members and publish newspapers

84
Q

all the networks formed by the kpd were however

A

broken up by the gestapo

85
Q

secret communist activity was not completely eradicated by the gestapo in 1934-35 factory cells were established and contact between members was confined to word of mouth to reduce discovery as with the spd however

A

the priority of communist cells was very much on survival since the party had ceased to exist and no serious challenge to the regime was possible

86
Q

before 1933 the German working class was the

A

largest and most unionised workforce in Europe

87
Q

the largest unions in Germany were linked to the spd and had been consistently opposed to the nazi party after January 1922 however

A

union resistance crumbled surprisingly quickly

88
Q

the ideology of class conflict had sustained the trade union movement before

A

1933

89
Q

after there nazis came to power the trade unions were absobored into the DAF and nazi propaganda emphasised the

A

importamceof national as opposed to class solitary

90
Q

taking strikes was very risking but

A

strikes did occur

91
Q

in september 1935 – stikes were reported in Rhineland-westphalia , Silesia and Wurttemberg

A

37

92
Q

in the whole of 1937 a total of — stikes were recorded

A

250

93
Q

most of these strikes were reactions to the poor

A

working conditions or low wages

94
Q

there was increased strike level in 1935-36 at a time where there was widespread

A

discontent over food prices

95
Q

the regime viewed any expression of dissent as a challenge thus of the 25,000 workers who participated in stikes in 1935 —- spent short periods in prison

A

4000

96
Q

after a 17 minute strike at Opel car factory in 1936

A

seven ringleaders were arrested by the gestapo and imprisoned

97
Q

there were also less overt but effective meaning workers could express their disatisfaction , absenteeism was often a reaction against

A

the pressure to work longer hours

98
Q

the regime was so concerned about abseentteeism in 1938 that it introduced new labour regulations laying down

A

severe penalties for “slackers”

99
Q

in 1938 for example the gestapo arrested — workers at munitions plant in gleiwitz for absenteeism and slow working

A

114

100
Q

another tactic by some workers was to deliberately damage their machinery , the regime was concerned enough to make

A

“sabotage” a criminal offence and there were an increasing number prosecutions in 1938-9

101
Q

christian churches were the only organisations in nazi Germany that retained

A

an alternative ideology , independent of the regime , churches also retained some organisational autonomy .

102
Q

the influence of the pastor or the priest in many communities was at least as important as the

A

nazi party

103
Q

churches were well aware tho that in a sustained conflict with the regime they would

A

loose

104
Q

churches leadership needed to protect their organisations if they wanted to survive at all leading to them

A

making compromises , inevitably issues that the churches were not prepared to compromise on

105
Q

protestants and catholics felt it was necessary to draw a line under nazi efforts to force them

A

into conformity and this led them into resistance

106
Q

the response of the christian churches to nazi regime therefore

A

was both complex and fluid and varied not only over time but even from one priest or pastor to another

107
Q

the efforts of the nazi regime to co ordinate the protestant church into volksgemeinschaft led to

A

division within the protestant congregation

108
Q

the establishment of the of the pastors league in 1933 and its acts of resistance was led by

A

pastors who were not members of the nazi party and who came largely from academic backgrounds

109
Q

their refusal to accept being apart of a coordinated reich church was due to three main factors

A

trying to protect independence of protestant church from nazis
resisting the attempt to impose the aryan paragraph on the church , involved purging any pastor who had converted from judaism
trying to defend lutheran theology which was based purely on the bible

110
Q

during 1934 there was a growing sturggle between the

A

confessional church and the nazi regime

111
Q

pastors spoke out against the ‘ nazified Christ ‘ from their pulpits and many churches refused

A

to display swatsika flags in the churches

112
Q

when two confessional church bishops were arrested there were

A

mass demonstrations in their support
- the nazi regime responded with increased repression

113
Q

dissenting pastors had their

A

salaries stopped
banned from teaching in schools
many arrested

114
Q

by the end of 1937 — pastors had been imprisoned

A

700

115
Q

the nazi regime failed to silence the confessional church but for its part the

A

confessional church did not form full opposition to the regime

116
Q

the majority of it members professed their love

A

to hitler and the third reich

117
Q

much of their energies were expended in fighting the internal struggle against the official reich church with the result that

A

the protestant churches became rather inward looking although individual pastors risked their lives and liberty in speaking out against the barbatarties of the regime , the churches as a whole remained silent

118
Q

there was no sustained defence of human right and no official condemenation of atrocities , issues on which the

A

churches might have been expected to give a moral lead

119
Q

the catholic church was in a stronger position to retain its independence than the protestant church as the

A

Catholic church was more united , more centralised , and had more of a tradition of independence from the state.

120
Q

catholic leadership in both Rome and Germany tried to

A

come to terms with the nazi regime

121
Q

when the concordat of 1933 , the privileges granted to a Catholic Church , came under attack that the church

A

found itself increasingly at odds with the regime

122
Q

in 1937 the pope issued the papal encyclical called

A

“with burning grief”

123
Q

“with burning grief “ condemned

A

the nazi hatred upon the church

124
Q

“with burning grief” was smuggled into Germany secretly printed and distributed by messengers on

A

bicycle or on foot
and read out from almost ever church pulpit in march 1937

125
Q

“with burning grief “ was the only time that the Catholic church ..

A

placed itself in open conflict with the regime

126
Q

the regimes response to “with burning grief” was to increase repression

A

charges against priests for ‘ abuse of the pulpit’ became regular occurrences
- was some resistance

127
Q

the arrest of one priest led to noisy public demonstrations at his trial , a local government official reported in 1937 that

A

the clergy were beginning to show “cautious restraint”

128
Q

many catholic priests and members showed greta courage in opposing aspects of the nazi religious policies however the church did not move beyond

A

a narrow defence of its independence to a wider opposition to nazism and catholic resistance was therefore partial , spasmodic and ineffective.

129
Q

in the early years of the nazi regime the hitler youth was able to channel youthful energy and rebelliousness into officially approved activities but by the 1930’s

A

there were growing signs of disillusionment with the official movements among young people

130
Q

the disillusionment was partly because

A

membership was made compulsory in 1936 and early because of growing regimentation in youth movements

131
Q

membership of hitlers youth (HJ)and league of German girls (BDM) made great demands on a teenagers free time including

A

compulsory gymnastic sessions on Wednesday evenings , all day hikes on a Sunday and endlessness military drilling

132
Q

these compulsory activities were the intention since the nazi policy of gleichschaltung was based on the premise that

A

individuals should have no independent activity

133
Q

increasingly in the 1930’s the response of the young people was to opt out either by

A

allowing their membership to lapse or simply not attending weekly parades

134
Q

those who did attend sometimes hummed the tunes that had been banned this non conformist behaviour amounted to

A

little more than normal teenage rebelliousness but under the nazis any assertion of independence was a threat

135
Q

some young people formed cliques or gangs to show their independence some were

A

little more than criminal gangs but others were more overtly political

136
Q

an example of an overtly political gang was the

A

Meuten gangs
which flourished in old communist strongholds in Leipzig in the late 1930’s

137
Q

many members of the German conservative , traditional elites had serious misgivings about

A

the nazi party in general and in particular Hitler

138
Q

some aristocratic general in the army and senior civil servants regarded Hitler as a

A

threat to old Germany even after the night of long knives

139
Q

it is significant that the old aristocratic generals perceive hitler this way as after the death of hindenberg

A

a military coup was the only way to remove / get rid of the regime

140
Q

the conservative elites however fatally compromised in their dealings with hitler the regime ,

A

consolidated its power in 1933 by its alliance with the army big businesses and conservative politicians

141
Q

the conservative elites broadly shared hitlers aim for Germany even if

A

they disapproved of some of his methods

142
Q

both the civil service and the army had a strong tradition of serving whoever was in charge and active opposition to nazi leadership therefore would involve

A

major intelectual and emotional shift on their part
the number of those who opposed the nazis within the civil service and the army was very small

143
Q

opposition to hitler within the army and civil service came to head in the autumn of

A

1938

144
Q

their had been growing discontent within the elites about the drift of nazi foreign policy the opposition agreed with

A

hitlers long term aims of rebuilding germanys military strength and expanding to the east but felt he was leading an unprepared Germany in to war

145
Q

in November 1937 hitler outlined his secret thoughts to senior army commanders and leadings nazis such as gorging to make it clear that

A

he envisioned a union with Austria and an invasion of Czechoslovakia within a year
- at this meeting general Frisch and general Bloomberg expressed their doubts to hitler

146
Q

within three months of this meeting in novermebr 1937 hitler

A

purged them both from the army leadership and replaced them with more complaint generals

147
Q

in late September 1938 hitler ordered the

A

army to prepare plans for an invasion of Czechoslovakia
- it seemed clear if the invasion went ahead that Britain and France would support Czechoslovakia and war would result

148
Q

the imminent threat of war caused —- and a number of senior army figures to plot to remove hitler from power in a military coup

A

General Beck

149
Q

detailed plans were made for a march on Berlin if war was declared but the whole enterprise depended on

A

Britain and France standing by Czechoslovakia and making threats of war credible

150
Q

an envoy was sent to inform Britain and French governments of this however was listened to sympathetically as

A

the governments would not risk war

151
Q

the British and French agreed to a peaceful German takeover of the suddetenland area of Czechoslovakia and hitler had achieved another

A

“victory without bloodshed”
the conspiracy to over throw him receded quietly into the background

152
Q

even non political dissent such as complaining about shortage of food could lead to an

A

arrest and criminal charges under the regime where full subservience and compliance was expected

153
Q

propaganda indoctrination and repression had created an atmosphere in which

A

the vast majority of germans were prepared to support the regime

154
Q

no basis for organised and sustained resistance in nazi Germany and

A

certainly not one with mass support

155
Q

opposition to nazi regime was this hampered as even among those who were prepared on occasion to speak out against the regime there was a belief that

A

the nazi regime should be credited with having restored order prosperity and national pride and rid Germany of its internal enemies

156
Q

through propaganda hitler and goebells were aiming for what goebells called the

A

“spiritualisation mopbilisation” of the German people

157
Q

goebells had the power to control who could and could not be employed in the cultural field those deemed to be

A

racially impure or
politically unreliable
were purged

158
Q

newspapers

A

jan 1933 4700 privately owned newspapers in Germany
socialist and communist banned under the decree for the protection of the people and the state
nazis = 27 daily newspapers , 2.4 million in circulation a day
news agencies became a state controlled organisation thus became bland and conformist

159
Q

radio

A

effectively used in 1932/33 election campaigns
1933 hitler made over 50 broadcasts
sirens sound prior to speech for everyone to gather round and listen
goebbels promoted mass production of cheap radios by 1939 70% of germans owned one
purge of those working in radio by goebbels 13% dismissed on racial or political grounds
April 1934 all radio under control of reich radio company controlled by propaganda ministry

160
Q

film

A

goebbels understand that film could work on subconcious , subliminal messages and reinforcing prejudices
goebbels responsible for approving every film after 1933
most American films banned bar Disney due to popularity
1933-1945 1000 feature films produced in Germany
only 14% of these had an overtly political message most common type , musical , comedies
all films to some degree had a political message leadership was glorified “blood and soil” demonising of jews and communists

161
Q

parades and spectacles

A

theatricality of marches heightened by uniforms and medals , carrying of banners and choreographed singing of party songs
carrying off light touches in night time processions particularly effective
householders hang swatsiska flags from their window to show support
annual party at numberg in September were stage managed to achieve maximum theatrical effect , 1937 rally 100,000 attend

162
Q

other forms of propaganda

A

hitler believed only aryans were capable of producing true art
6 may 1933 nazi students and stormtroopers made a huge bonfire in Berlin of about 20,000 books , followed on may 10th by similar actions in 19 other towns , burned books deemed ‘ un-german ‘
a weekly poster with a quotation expressing nazi ideas was displayed in offices and public buildings

163
Q

nazis on occasion carried out plebiscites but as these were in no way

A

a form of free election
it is not na indication of genuine support for

164
Q

attitudes to the nazi regime depended on a range of factors including

A

age
class
occupation
religion

165
Q

nazi propaganda and indoctrination appears to have been most successful when it was aimed at

A

the young
who’s opinions were not yet strongly formed or whom their message overlapped with the traditional values of particular groups

166
Q

aristocratic old conservatives shared with the nazis beliefs in the need for

A

order and their anti democratic sentiments
although many were relectuant to swallow the more radical nazi elements

167
Q

germanys middle class shared the nazis hoisitilty to

A

communism and socialism and were sucespitable to the propaganda message that the nazis were only credible alternative to a left wing takeover in Germany

168
Q

antsemitsm and nationalist resentment to the treaty of Versailles was prominent in all

A

groups of society and nazis were able to reinforce these attitudes through their propaganda

169
Q

thus the third reich propaganda was most successful when

A

it built upon exsisting beliefs and values

170
Q

where nazi propaganda challenged deeply held beliefs such as

A

religion it was less successful

171
Q

nazi propaganda presented hitler as being unlike politicians he was presented as a

A

“man of the people”
in other words he symbolised the unity of the nazi party and the people

172
Q

hitler was presented a man who was

A
  • hardwokring tough and uncompromising
  • a political genius who had mastered the political problems faced by Germany in 1933
  • responsible for the nations awakening in 1933 restoring order and economic revival
  • was dynamic and forceful in contrast with the weak politicians of the Weimar years
  • lived a simple life and sacrificed personal happiness to devote himself to his people
  • guardian off traditional morality and popular justice
173
Q

the reality was in many ways very different from propaganda hitler was

A
  • surrounded by officials who competed with each other to gain his attention and implement his vision , he was actually not very involved in decision making
  • far from hard working hitler stayed up late watching films and would usually not get up to mid day
  • days were spent eating walking in the grounds of his mouton retreat and delivering long rambling speeches to his subordinates
  • disliked reading official documents and rarely got involved in detailed discussion’s on policy , his officials took great difficulty in getting him to make a decision

democracy and nazism (19 decks)

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