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Medical Terminology - Spurgin > Chapter 9 Urinary System Concepts and terms > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Urinary System Concepts and terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is another name for urinary system?

A 
Genitourinary system (GU)
and renal system
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2
Q

what is the term for the location of where the kidneys rest?

A

retro - behind
peri - around
retroperitoneal

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3
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

filter and remove waste products from the blood

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4
Q

what helps transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A

ureters

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5
Q

where does urine go through after being stored in the bladder?

A

urethra to be excreted

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6
Q

what is the area called where the kidney indents?

A

hilum

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7
Q

name and describe the layers of a kidney

A

cortex - outer layer
medulla - inner portion
pyramids - triangular shaped structures within the medulla
papilla - tip of each pyramid
calyx - area that receives urine from pyramid
renal pelvis - open area, receives urine from each calyx to be emptied to ureter

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8
Q

what is the function of renal pyramids?

A

to briefly store collections of urine before moving to the bladder

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9
Q

what is a nephron and what does it consist of?

A 
function unit of kidney 
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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10
Q

what is the renal corpuscle and renal tubule’s function?

A

renal corpuscle - blood filtering portion

renal tubule - finish urine production

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11
Q

what are the three stages of urine production?

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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12
Q

approx how many mL does a bladder hold?

A

250

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13
Q

what does a bladder have inside of it to allow it to expand?

A

rugae

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14
Q

what are the functions of both sphincters that make up where urine exits?

A

internal sphincter - involuntary opening that opens when bladder contracts
external sphincter - voluntary opening to be able to hold your urine

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15
Q

is bladder contraction voluntary?

A

no, bladder contraction is involuntary

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16
Q

what is the external opening after the urethra called?

A

urinary meatus

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17
Q

what are three different names for releasing urine from the body?

A

urination
voiding
micturition

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18
Q

why is the urinary system important for homeostasis?

A

maintains pH balance and proper balance of water and chemicals in the body such as electrolytes

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19
Q

Glomerular and bowman’s capsule make up the..?

A

renal corpuscle

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20
Q

the nephron loop is also called?

A

renal tubule

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21
Q

what two structures are responsible for the filtration stage and what is produced?

A

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

water, glucose, amino acids, and waste

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the reabsorption stage and where does it occur?

A

in the renal tubules
water and desirable molecules are reabsorbed through the blood in peritubular capillaries
waste and undesirables remain in the tubules

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the secretion stage?

A

added waste products are added from the peritubular capillaries

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24
Q

what does normal urine look like and what does it contain?

A

straw colored to clear
95% water with:
electrolytes, toxins, and nitrogenous waste

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25
Q

what is the normal pH levels of urine?

A

5.0 - 8.0 (acidic)

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26
Q

what might a fowl odor of urine indicate?

A

infection

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27
Q

what might a fruity odor of urine indicate?

A

diabetes, dehydration, or starvation

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28
Q

break down nephrology

A

nephr/o - kidney

-logy - study of

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29
Q

break down urology

A

ur/o - urine

-logy - study of

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30
Q

anuria

A

an - without
-uria - urine condition
complete lack of urine production and lack of urine excretion

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31
Q

cystalgia

A

cyst/o - bladder
-algia - pain

urinary bladder pain

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32
Q

bacteriuria

A

bacteri/o - bacteria
-uria - urine condition

presence of bacteria in urine

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33
Q

azotemia

A

azot/o - nitrogenous waste
-emia - blood condition

nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream

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34
Q

another name for renal calculus and definition

A

nephrolith or kidney stone

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35
Q

diruresis

A

increased formation and excretion of urine

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36
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary discharge of urine

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37
Q

cystolith

A

cyst/o - bladder
-lith - stone

stone in bladder

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38
Q

cystorrhagia

A

cyst/o - bladder
-rrhagia - abnormal flow condition

profuse bleeding from the bladder

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39
Q

dysuria

A

dys - abnormal/difficult
uria - urine condition

difficult or painful urination

40
Q

glycosuria

A

glycos/o - sugar
uria - urine condition

presence of sugar in urine

41
Q

hematuria

A

hemat/o - blood
uria - urine condition

presence of blood in urine

42
Q

ketonuria

A

keton/o - ketones
-uria - urine condition

presence of ketones in urine
occurs when body burns fat instead of glucose

43
Q

nephromalacia

A

nephr/o - kidney
-malacia - softening

abnormal softening of kidney

44
Q

nephromegaly

A

nephr/o - kidney
-megaly - enlarged

enlarged kidney

45
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

nephr/o - kidney
-sclerosis - hardening

kidney has become hardened

46
Q

nocturia

A

noct/i - night
-uria - urine condition

having to urine frequently in the night

47
Q

oligouria

A

olig/o - scanty
-uria - urine condition

producing too little urine

48
Q

polyuria

A

poly - many
uria - urine condition

producing large volume of urine

49
Q

proteniuria

A

protein/o - protein
uria - urine condition

presence of protein in the urine

50
Q

pyuria

A

py/o -pus

presence of pus in the urine

51
Q

renal colic

A

pain caused by kidney stone

52
Q

uremia

A

ur/o - urine
-emia - blood condition

accumulation of waste products in bloodstream

53
Q

ureterectasis

A

ureter/o - ureter
-ecstasis - dialated

ureter stretched out (dilated)

54
Q

Ureterolith

A

ureter/o - ureter
lith - stone

stone in the ureter

55
Q

Ureterostenosis

A

ureter/o - ureter
-stenosis - narrowing

ureter has become narrow

56
Q

urinary incontinence

A

involuntary release of urine

57
Q

urinary retention

A

inability to fully empty bladder

58
Q

bladder neck obstruction

A

blockage of bladder outlet, usually caused by enlarged prostate

59
Q

hesitancy

A

decrease in force of urine stream

60
Q

Urethralgia

A

urethr/o - urethra
-algia - pain

urethral pain

61
Q

urethrostenosis

A

urethr/o - urethra
-stenosis - narrowing

narrowing of urethra

62
Q

urethrorrhagia

A 
urethr/o = urethra
-rrhagia = abnormal flow condition

Profuse bleeding from the urethra

63
Q

glomerulonephritis

A 
glomerul/o = glomerulus
nephr/o = kidney
-itis = inflammation

inflammation of the kidney; more permeable to protein and blood cells

64
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus

65
Q

acute tubular necrosis

A

damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria

66
Q

hydronephrosis

A

Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney

67
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine

68
Q

Nephroptosis

A 
nephr/o = kidney
-ptosis = drooping

Downward displacement of the kidney; floating kidney

69
Q

pyelitis

A 
pyel/o = renal pelvis;
-itis = inflammation

renal pelvis inflammation

70
Q

polycystic kidneys

A 
poly- = many; 
cyst/o = pouch

Formation of multiple cysts within the kidney tissue

71
Q

pyelonephritis

A 
pyel/o = renal pelvis; 
nephr/o = kidney; 
-itis = inflammation

inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney

72
Q

cystocele

A

cyst/o = bladder;
-cele = protrusion
Hernia or protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina

73
Q

pyelogram

A

pyel/o = renal pelvis;
-gram = record
X-ray record of the renal pelvis.

74
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

use of ultrasound waves to break up renal calculi

75
Q

hemodialysis (HD)

A

use of artificial kidney machine to filter the blood

76
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

removes wastes using chemically balanced solutions placed into peritoneal cavity

77
Q

cystectomy

A

surgical removal of the bladder

78
Q

cystopexy

A

surgical fixation of the bladder

79
Q

cystoplasty

A

surgical repair of the bladder

80
Q

cystostomy

A

create a new opening in the bladder

81
Q

cystotomy

A

cutting into bladder

82
Q

lithotomy

A

cutting into (to remove) a stone

83
Q

lithotrispy

A

crushing a stone in the bladder or urethra

84
Q

meatotomy

A

incision into the meatus

85
Q

nephrolithotomy

A

incision to directly remove stones in kidney

86
Q

nephropexy

A

surgical fixation of a kidney

87
Q

nephrostomy

A

create new opening in a kidney

88
Q

nephrotomy

A

cutting into a kidney

89
Q

pyeloplasty

A

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

90
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogenous waste

91
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

92
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

93
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

94
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

95
Q

ur/o

A

urine

Medical Terminology - Spurgin (14 decks)

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