Chapter 9 Urinary System Concepts and terms Flashcards
what is another name for urinary system?
Genitourinary system (GU) and renal system
what is the term for the location of where the kidneys rest?
retro - behind
peri - around
retroperitoneal
what is the function of the urinary system?
filter and remove waste products from the blood
what helps transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
ureters
where does urine go through after being stored in the bladder?
urethra to be excreted
what is the area called where the kidney indents?
hilum
name and describe the layers of a kidney
cortex - outer layer
medulla - inner portion
pyramids - triangular shaped structures within the medulla
papilla - tip of each pyramid
calyx - area that receives urine from pyramid
renal pelvis - open area, receives urine from each calyx to be emptied to ureter
what is the function of renal pyramids?
to briefly store collections of urine before moving to the bladder
what is a nephron and what does it consist of?
function unit of kidney renal corpuscle and renal tubule
what is the renal corpuscle and renal tubule’s function?
renal corpuscle - blood filtering portion
renal tubule - finish urine production
what are the three stages of urine production?
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
approx how many mL does a bladder hold?
250
what does a bladder have inside of it to allow it to expand?
rugae
what are the functions of both sphincters that make up where urine exits?
internal sphincter - involuntary opening that opens when bladder contracts
external sphincter - voluntary opening to be able to hold your urine
is bladder contraction voluntary?
no, bladder contraction is involuntary
what is the external opening after the urethra called?
urinary meatus
what are three different names for releasing urine from the body?
urination
voiding
micturition
why is the urinary system important for homeostasis?
maintains pH balance and proper balance of water and chemicals in the body such as electrolytes
Glomerular and bowman’s capsule make up the..?
renal corpuscle
the nephron loop is also called?
renal tubule
what two structures are responsible for the filtration stage and what is produced?
glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
water, glucose, amino acids, and waste
what is the purpose of the reabsorption stage and where does it occur?
in the renal tubules
water and desirable molecules are reabsorbed through the blood in peritubular capillaries
waste and undesirables remain in the tubules
what is the purpose of the secretion stage?
added waste products are added from the peritubular capillaries
what does normal urine look like and what does it contain?
straw colored to clear
95% water with:
electrolytes, toxins, and nitrogenous waste
what is the normal pH levels of urine?
5.0 - 8.0 (acidic)
what might a fowl odor of urine indicate?
infection
what might a fruity odor of urine indicate?
diabetes, dehydration, or starvation
break down nephrology
nephr/o - kidney
-logy - study of
break down urology
ur/o - urine
-logy - study of
anuria
an - without
-uria - urine condition
complete lack of urine production and lack of urine excretion
cystalgia
cyst/o - bladder
-algia - pain
urinary bladder pain
bacteriuria
bacteri/o - bacteria
-uria - urine condition
presence of bacteria in urine
azotemia
azot/o - nitrogenous waste
-emia - blood condition
nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream
another name for renal calculus and definition
nephrolith or kidney stone
diruresis
increased formation and excretion of urine
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
cystolith
cyst/o - bladder
-lith - stone
stone in bladder
cystorrhagia
cyst/o - bladder
-rrhagia - abnormal flow condition
profuse bleeding from the bladder
dysuria
dys - abnormal/difficult
uria - urine condition
difficult or painful urination
glycosuria
glycos/o - sugar
uria - urine condition
presence of sugar in urine
hematuria
hemat/o - blood
uria - urine condition
presence of blood in urine
ketonuria
keton/o - ketones
-uria - urine condition
presence of ketones in urine
occurs when body burns fat instead of glucose
nephromalacia
nephr/o - kidney
-malacia - softening
abnormal softening of kidney
nephromegaly
nephr/o - kidney
-megaly - enlarged
enlarged kidney
nephrosclerosis
nephr/o - kidney
-sclerosis - hardening
kidney has become hardened
nocturia
noct/i - night
-uria - urine condition
having to urine frequently in the night
oligouria
olig/o - scanty
-uria - urine condition
producing too little urine
polyuria
poly - many
uria - urine condition
producing large volume of urine
proteniuria
protein/o - protein
uria - urine condition
presence of protein in the urine
pyuria
py/o -pus
presence of pus in the urine
renal colic
pain caused by kidney stone
uremia
ur/o - urine
-emia - blood condition
accumulation of waste products in bloodstream
ureterectasis
ureter/o - ureter
-ecstasis - dialated
ureter stretched out (dilated)
Ureterolith
ureter/o - ureter
lith - stone
stone in the ureter
Ureterostenosis
ureter/o - ureter
-stenosis - narrowing
ureter has become narrow
urinary incontinence
involuntary release of urine
urinary retention
inability to fully empty bladder
bladder neck obstruction
blockage of bladder outlet, usually caused by enlarged prostate
hesitancy
decrease in force of urine stream
Urethralgia
urethr/o - urethra
-algia - pain
urethral pain
urethrostenosis
urethr/o - urethra
-stenosis - narrowing
narrowing of urethra
urethrorrhagia
urethr/o = urethra -rrhagia = abnormal flow condition
Profuse bleeding from the urethra
glomerulonephritis
glomerul/o = glomerulus nephr/o = kidney -itis = inflammation
inflammation of the kidney; more permeable to protein and blood cells
diabetic nephropathy
damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus
acute tubular necrosis
damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria
hydronephrosis
Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney
nephrotic syndrome
damage to the glomerulus resulting in protein appearing in the urine
Nephroptosis
nephr/o = kidney -ptosis = drooping
Downward displacement of the kidney; floating kidney
pyelitis
pyel/o = renal pelvis; -itis = inflammation
renal pelvis inflammation
polycystic kidneys
poly- = many; cyst/o = pouch
Formation of multiple cysts within the kidney tissue
pyelonephritis
pyel/o = renal pelvis; nephr/o = kidney; -itis = inflammation
inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney
cystocele
cyst/o = bladder;
-cele = protrusion
Hernia or protrusion of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina
pyelogram
pyel/o = renal pelvis;
-gram = record
X-ray record of the renal pelvis.
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of ultrasound waves to break up renal calculi
hemodialysis (HD)
use of artificial kidney machine to filter the blood
peritoneal dialysis
removes wastes using chemically balanced solutions placed into peritoneal cavity
cystectomy
surgical removal of the bladder
cystopexy
surgical fixation of the bladder
cystoplasty
surgical repair of the bladder
cystostomy
create a new opening in the bladder
cystotomy
cutting into bladder
lithotomy
cutting into (to remove) a stone
lithotrispy
crushing a stone in the bladder or urethra
meatotomy
incision into the meatus
nephrolithotomy
incision to directly remove stones in kidney
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a kidney
nephrostomy
create new opening in a kidney
nephrotomy
cutting into a kidney
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
azot/o
nitrogenous waste
cyst/o
bladder
olig/o
scanty
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
ur/o
urine
