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Medical Terminology - Spurgin > Chapter 13 Eye > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Eye Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Name and describe the features of the eye

A

pupil - opening where light enters eye
Iris - gives color to eyes
sclera - white of eye
cornea - glassy transparent external surface of eye
optic nerve - bundle of axons from retina

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the optic nerve

A

transmission to brain of external images (sight)

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3
Q

what is the function of eyelids

A

protect the eye of foreign particles by means of eyelashes (cilia)
sebaceous glands secrete a lubricating oil onto eyelash

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4
Q

describe what conjunctiva is

A

mucous membrane of eye

lines inside the eyelids to help lubricate the eye with mucus and tears

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5
Q

what does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

superior and inferior lacrimal glands
lacrimal sac
lacrimal ducts
nasolacrimal duct

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6
Q

strabismus

A

eye muscle weakness resulting in eyes looking in different directions at same time

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7
Q

esotropia (ST)

A 
eso- = inward
-tropia = turned condition

type of strabismus with inward turning of eye
“cross-eyed”

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8
Q

exotropia (XT)

A 
exo- = outward
-tropia = turned condition

type of strabismus with outward turning of eye
“wall-eyed”

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9
Q

what is the function of the cornea?

A

admit and refract light

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10
Q

what is the function of the iris and pupil?

A

smooth muscle that changes size of pupil to control amount of light entering the eye

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11
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

focus light rays onto retina

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12
Q

what are the three layers of the eye?

A

retina
choroid
sclera

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13
Q

what is the function of the retina?

A

contains sensory receptors

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14
Q

what is the function of the choroid layer

A

supplies blood to eye structures

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15
Q

what is the function of the sclera?

A

tough protective layer of eye

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16
Q

what layer is the cornea a part of?

A

sclera

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17
Q

what is aqueous humor and where is it found?

A

watery fluid

found between cornea and lens

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18
Q

what is vitreous humor and where is it found?

A

semi-solid gel

found between lens and retina

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19
Q

explain what refraction is?

A

bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different
ex. light is refracted when it passes from a fast medium (air) to a slow medium (water)

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20
Q

what is the structure on the eye that causes refraction? what does this mean

A

cornea and aqueous humor
refracts light rays due to slowing of light at the air-cornea interface

immersing cornea under water will eliminate its refractive power because light travels at the same speed through water and aqueous humor

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21
Q

what is the function of the ciliary body?

A

attaches to lens; pulls on edge of lens which changes shape of lens in order to focus light onto retina

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22
Q

define accommodation

A

changes the shape of the lens to alter the focal distance of the eye;
the change in lens shape is controlled by ciliary body muscles

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23
Q

describe briefly the travel path of light rays though the eye

A 
cornea
aqueous humor
pupil
lens
vitreous humor
retina
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24
Q

what are photoreceptors?

A

sensory receptor cells that detect light rays

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25
Q

where can you find photoreceptors?

A

within the retina (inner layer of eye)

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26
Q

what kind of color do cones pick up on? when is are they actively used?

A

color vision

active only in bright light

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27
Q

what kind of color do rods pick up on? when are they actively used?

A

gray tones

active in dim light

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28
Q

what is another name for macula lutea? what is it’s function and where is it found?

A

fovea centralis
part of retina responsible for sharp, detailed central vision; contains high concentration of cones
found center most posterior portion of eye

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29
Q

because of refraction, what happens to an image when the optic nerve takes in the information? what corrects this?

A

image forms upside down

brain take this information and turns it right side up

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30
Q

Emmetropia

A 
emmetr/o = correct, proper
-opia = vision condition

state of normal vision

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31
Q

what is the location where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball?

A

optic disk

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32
Q

what else leaves through the optic disk besides the optic nerve?

A

retinal blood vessels

33
Q

there are no rods or cones found at the optic disk, what does this cause within our vision?

A

blind spot

34
Q

ophthalmologist

A

ophthalm/o = eye

doctor who specialized in treatment of eye

35
Q

optician

A 
opt/o = vision
-ician = specialist

person trained in grinding and fitting corrective lenses

36
Q

optometry

A 
opt/o = vision
-metry = process of measuring

medical profession specializing in examining and testing the eyes and prescribing corrective lenses

37
Q

optometrist

A 
opt/o = vision
-metrist = specialist in measuring

doctor of optometry

38
Q

blepharoptosis

A 
blephar/o = eyelid
-ptosis = drooping

drooping eyelid

39
Q

iridoplegia

A 
irid/o = iris
-plegia = paralysis

paralysis of the iris

40
Q

ophthalmalgia

A 
ophthalm/o = eye
-algia = pain

eye pain

41
Q

ophthalmoplegia

A 
ophthalm/o = eye
-plegia = paralysis

paralysis of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles

42
Q

ophthalmorrhagia

A 
ophthalm/o = eye
-rrhagia = abnormal flow condition

bleeding from eye

43
Q

xerophthalmia

A 
xer/o = dry
ophthalm/o = eye
-ia = condition

dry eyes

44
Q

scleromalacia

A 
scler/o = sclera
-malacia = abnormal softening

softening of the sclera

45
Q

photophobia

A 
phot/o = light
-phobia = fear

strong sensitivity to bright light

46
Q

papilledema

A 
papill/o = optic disk
-edema = swelling

swelling of the optic disk

47
Q

myopia

A 
myo- = to shut
-opia = vision condition

nearsightedness; distant objects not seen clearly

48
Q

what can cause myopia?

A

eyeball being too long;

causes parallel light rays to converge before retina

49
Q

hyperopia

A 
hyper- = excessive
-opia = vision condition

farsightedness;
eye cannot see near points

50
Q

what can cause hyperopia?

A

eyeball being too short;

causes light to be focused behind retina

51
Q

presbyopia

A 
presby/o = old age
-opia = vision condition

visual loss due to old age
decreased ability to focus on near objects

52
Q

astigmatism

A 
a- = without
stigmat/o = point
-ism = state of

uneven cornea causing blurred vision
light rays do not focus sharply on retina

53
Q

corneal abrasion

A

scraping injury to cornea

54
Q

achromatopsia

A 
a- = without
chromat/o = color
-opsia = vision condition

color blindness: unable to perceive one or more colors

55
Q

monochromatism

A 
mono- = one
chromat/o = color
-ism = state of

unable to perceive one specific color

56
Q

cataract

A

damage to lens causing it to become cloudy

57
Q

glaucoma

A 
glauc/o = gray
-oma = mass

increased pressure in fluid of eye which interferes with optic nerve function

58
Q

explain how vision deteriorates with glaucoma

A

peripheral vision is reduced
then tunnel vision develops
blindness can ultimately develop

59
Q

what is the commonness of glaucoma?

A

20% of adults over age 40

accounts for 15% blindness in America

60
Q

what qualifies as someone being legally blind

A

having severely impaired vision;

20/200 acuity (can only see the first row letter E)

61
Q

macular degeneration

A 
macul/o = macula lutea
-ar = pertaining to

deterioration of macula lutea areas of retina
causes central vision loss

62
Q

pterygium

A

hypertrophied conjunctival tissue in inner corner of eye

63
Q

conjunctivitis

A 
conjunctiv/o = conjunctiva
-itis = inflammation

inflammation of the conjunctiva; usually from bacterial infection; “pink eye”

64
Q

hordeolum

A

purulent (pus) infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid; “stye”

65
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

66
Q

aque/o

A

water

67
Q

blast/o

A

immature, embryonic

68
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

69
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary muscle

70
Q

emmetr/o

A

correct, proper

71
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

72
Q

macul/o

A

macula lutea

73
Q

mi/o

A

lessening

74
Q

mydr/i

A

widening

75
Q

nyctal/o

A

night

76
Q

presby/o

A

old age

77
Q

stigmat/o

A

point

78
Q

uve/o

A

choroid

79
Q

vitre/o

A

glassy

Medical Terminology - Spurgin (14 decks)

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