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Medical Terminology - Spurgin > Chapter 12 Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up the Central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

peripheral nerves and cranial nerves

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3
Q

what two types of cells is the nervous system composed of?

A

neurons
neuroglial cells

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4
Q

what makes neurons and neuroglial cells different?

A

neurons can conduct electrical impulses and neuroglial cells cannot

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5
Q

roughly how many neurons can be found in the brain?

A

86 billion

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6
Q

what is a synapse?

A

point where the axon of one neuron meets dendrite (or cell body) of another neuron

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7
Q

roughly how many synapses occur in the brain?

A

over 100 trillion

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8
Q

what is a neurotransmitter and what does it stimulate

A

chemical released by an axon
stimulate dendrite of another axon

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9
Q

roughly how many neuroglial cells are in the brain?

A

85 billion

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10
Q

what is the 3 main purposes of the CNS?

A

receive impulses from all over body
process this information
respond with action

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11
Q

bundles of nerve fibers are called?

A

tracts

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12
Q

tracts are found within?

A

inside brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what is gray and white matter composed of, in terms of cells?

A

gray: unmyelinated cells
white: myelinated cells

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14
Q

what are the four main regions of the brain?

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem

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15
Q

what is the largest region of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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16
Q

what main functions does the cerebrum preform?

A

thoughts,
judgement,
memory,
association skills,
discrimination between items

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17
Q

what kind of matter is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

gray matter

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18
Q

what are the names of the five lobes within the cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

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19
Q

what is the main function of the frontal lobe?

A

motor function
personality
speech

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20
Q

what is the main functions of the parietal lobe?

A

sensory and motor function
interprets language

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21
Q

what are the main functions of the temporal lobe?

A

hearing (auditory)
smelling (olfactory)
taste

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22
Q

what are the main functions of the occipital lobe?

A

vision
vision reflexes

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23
Q

what is the main function of the insula?

A

taste (gustatory area)

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24
Q

what are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A

coordination,
balance
equilibrium

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25
Q

what region does the thalamus and hypothalamus make up?

A

diencephalon

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26
Q

what is the main function of the thalamus?

A

relay station for sensory impulses
directs impulses to correct part of cortex for interpretation

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27
Q

what are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A

controls body temp
appetite
sleep
libido
emotions
hormones
ANS

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28
Q

what are the sections of the brain stem called?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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29
Q

what is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

shock protection for CNS

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30
Q

three layers of meninges and brief discriptions?

A

dura mater - tough layer (superior)
arachnoid membrane - thin web-like (middle)
pia mater - soft; directly attached to brain (deepest layer)

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31
Q

spinal cord is encased by how many vertebrae?

A

33 vertebrae

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32
Q

what is shingles and what is caused by?

A

eruption of painful blisters along nerve path
Herpes Zoster virus

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33
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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34
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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35
Q

cranial nerves come from___?

A

brain

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36
Q

Spinal nerves come from ____?

A

spinal cord

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37
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

extends from medulla oblongata
ends at L2 vertebrae

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38
Q

each _____ can carry information both to and from CNS

A

nerve

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39
Q

any individual ____ can carry information in only one direction

A

neuron

40
Q

another name for sensory neurons

A

afferent neurons

41
Q

what path does an afferent neuron travel?

A

from sensory receptor to CNS

42
Q

another name for motor neuron?

A

efferent neuron

43
Q

what path does an efferent neuron take?

A

from CNS to effecting muscles or glands

44
Q

difference between autonomic and somatic?

A

autonomic - involuntary
somatic - voluntary

45
Q

what are two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic

46
Q

what functions does the parasympathetic division consist of?

A

“rest and digest”
heart rate decrease
blood pressure decrease
stimulate digestion

47
Q

what functions does the sympathetic division serve?

A

“fight, flight, or fright”
heart rate increase
dilate airways
blood pressure increase
inhibits digestion
stim. production of adrenaline

48
Q

absence seizure

A

epileptic seizure causes loss of awareness and absence of activity

49
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms

50
Q

epilepsy

A

seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical brain activity

51
Q

spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

damage to spinal cord due to trauma
may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent

52
Q

paraplegia

A 
para- = two like parts of a pair
-plegia = paralysis

paralysis of lower portion of body

53
Q

quadriplegia

A 
quadri- = four
-plegia = paralysis

paralysis of all four limbs

54
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory

55
Q

cerebellitis

A 
cerebell/o = cerebellum
-itis = inflammation
56
Q

brain tumor

A

intracranial mass
may be malignant or benign
dangerous because it occupies space

57
Q

astrocytoma

A 
astr/o = star
cyt/o = cell
-oma = tumor

malignant tumor originating in astrocytes within CNS

58
Q

what can cause cerebral palsy (CP)

A

brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth

59
Q

what are symptoms of cerebral palsy (CP)?

A

lack of motor skills
stiff muscles/ spasms
bad posture and instability
difficult walking
impaired cognitive ability
epilepsy

60
Q

concussion

A

mild traumatic brain injury from impact

61
Q

traumatic brain injury

A

damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or penetrating projectile

62
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain from impact
symptoms last longer than 24 hrs which include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils

63
Q

epidural hematoma

A

mass of blood in space outside (above) dura mater

64
Q

subdural hematoma

A

mass of blood forming within subdural space
due to torn meningeal blood

65
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

ballooning of cerebral artery
may cause stroke

66
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

infarct due to loss of blood supply to brain
commonly called a stroke
could be due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression

67
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

temporary interference with blood supply to brain
may lead to cerebrovascular accident

68
Q

migraine

A

specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness and nausea

69
Q

hydrocephalus

A 
hydr/o = water
cephal/o = head

accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles

70
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait

71
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord
aka: Lou Gehrig’s disease

72
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal

73
Q

meningocele

A 
mening/o = meninges
-cele = protrusion

protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect

74
Q

myelomeningocele

A 
myel/o = spinal cord
mening/o = meninges
-cele = protrusion

protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect

75
Q

poliomyelitis

A 
poli/o = gray matter
myel/o = spinal cord
-itis = inflammation

viral infection affecting spinal cord
paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent

76
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

one-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus

77
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome (BGS)

A

temporary loss of myelin sheath
may be autoimmune
starts in legs and progresses up nervous system

78
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

axonal demyelination then degeneration
plaques “hardenings” form in the CNS

79
Q

meningitis

A 
mening/o = meninges
-itis = inflammation

inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection; symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and
photophobia

80
Q

neuroma

A 
neur/o = nerve
-oma = tumor

tumor of nerve or sheath around nerve

81
Q

radiculopathy

A 
radicul/o = nerve root
-pathy = disease

condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on nerve root

82
Q

radiculitis

A 
radicul/o = nerve root
-itis = inflammation

inflammation of a nerve root

83
Q

alges/o

A

sense of pain

algesia

84
Q

astr/o

A

star

astrocyte

85
Q

clon/o

A

rapid contracting

clonic

86
Q

concuss/o

A

to shake violently

concussion

87
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

dural/ subdural

88
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

encephalic

89
Q

esthes/o

A

sensation

synesthsia

90
Q

gli/o

A

glue

glial

91
Q

ment/o

A

mind

mental

92
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

myelitis

93
Q

peripher/o

A

away from center

peripheral

94
Q

pont/o

A

pons

pontine

95
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

radicular

96
Q

thec/o

A

sheath

thecal

Medical Terminology - Spurgin (14 decks)

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