Chapter 12 Nervous System Flashcards
what makes up the Central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord
what makes up the peripheral nervous system?
peripheral nerves and cranial nerves
what two types of cells is the nervous system composed of?
neurons
neuroglial cells
what makes neurons and neuroglial cells different?
neurons can conduct electrical impulses and neuroglial cells cannot
roughly how many neurons can be found in the brain?
86 billion
what is a synapse?
point where the axon of one neuron meets dendrite (or cell body) of another neuron
roughly how many synapses occur in the brain?
over 100 trillion
what is a neurotransmitter and what does it stimulate
chemical released by an axon
stimulate dendrite of another axon
roughly how many neuroglial cells are in the brain?
85 billion
what is the 3 main purposes of the CNS?
receive impulses from all over body
process this information
respond with action
bundles of nerve fibers are called?
tracts
tracts are found within?
inside brain and spinal cord
what is gray and white matter composed of, in terms of cells?
gray: unmyelinated cells
white: myelinated cells
what are the four main regions of the brain?
cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem
what is the largest region of the brain?
cerebrum
what main functions does the cerebrum preform?
thoughts,
judgement,
memory,
association skills,
discrimination between items
what kind of matter is the cerebral cortex made of?
gray matter
what are the names of the five lobes within the cerebral hemispheres?
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
what is the main function of the frontal lobe?
motor function
personality
speech
what is the main functions of the parietal lobe?
sensory and motor function
interprets language
what are the main functions of the temporal lobe?
hearing (auditory)
smelling (olfactory)
taste
what are the main functions of the occipital lobe?
vision
vision reflexes
what is the main function of the insula?
taste (gustatory area)
what are the main functions of the cerebellum?
coordination,
balance
equilibrium
what region does the thalamus and hypothalamus make up?
diencephalon
what is the main function of the thalamus?
relay station for sensory impulses
directs impulses to correct part of cortex for interpretation
what are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
controls body temp
appetite
sleep
libido
emotions
hormones
ANS
what are the sections of the brain stem called?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
what is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
shock protection for CNS
three layers of meninges and brief discriptions?
dura mater - tough layer (superior)
arachnoid membrane - thin web-like (middle)
pia mater - soft; directly attached to brain (deepest layer)
spinal cord is encased by how many vertebrae?
33 vertebrae
what is shingles and what is caused by?
eruption of painful blisters along nerve path
Herpes Zoster virus
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
how many spinal nerves are there?
31
cranial nerves come from___?
brain
Spinal nerves come from ____?
spinal cord
where does the spinal cord begin and end?
extends from medulla oblongata
ends at L2 vertebrae
each _____ can carry information both to and from CNS
nerve
any individual ____ can carry information in only one direction
neuron
another name for sensory neurons
afferent neurons
what path does an afferent neuron travel?
from sensory receptor to CNS
another name for motor neuron?
efferent neuron
what path does an efferent neuron take?
from CNS to effecting muscles or glands
difference between autonomic and somatic?
autonomic - involuntary
somatic - voluntary
what are two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic
sympathetic
what functions does the parasympathetic division consist of?
“rest and digest”
heart rate decrease
blood pressure decrease
stimulate digestion
what functions does the sympathetic division serve?
“fight, flight, or fright”
heart rate increase
dilate airways
blood pressure increase
inhibits digestion
stim. production of adrenaline
absence seizure
epileptic seizure causes loss of awareness and absence of activity
tonic-clonic seizure
epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms
epilepsy
seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical brain activity
spinal cord injury (SCI)
damage to spinal cord due to trauma
may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent
paraplegia
para- = two like parts of a pair -plegia = paralysis
paralysis of lower portion of body
quadriplegia
quadri- = four -plegia = paralysis
paralysis of all four limbs
Alzheimer’s disease
disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory
cerebellitis
cerebell/o = cerebellum -itis = inflammation
brain tumor
intracranial mass
may be malignant or benign
dangerous because it occupies space
astrocytoma
astr/o = star cyt/o = cell -oma = tumor
malignant tumor originating in astrocytes within CNS
what can cause cerebral palsy (CP)
brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth
what are symptoms of cerebral palsy (CP)?
lack of motor skills
stiff muscles/ spasms
bad posture and instability
difficult walking
impaired cognitive ability
epilepsy
concussion
mild traumatic brain injury from impact
traumatic brain injury
damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or penetrating projectile
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain from impact
symptoms last longer than 24 hrs which include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils
epidural hematoma
mass of blood in space outside (above) dura mater
subdural hematoma
mass of blood forming within subdural space
due to torn meningeal blood
cerebral aneurysm
ballooning of cerebral artery
may cause stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
infarct due to loss of blood supply to brain
commonly called a stroke
could be due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary interference with blood supply to brain
may lead to cerebrovascular accident
migraine
specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness and nausea
hydrocephalus
hydr/o = water cephal/o = head
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles
Parkinson’s disease
chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord
aka: Lou Gehrig’s disease
spina bifida
congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal
meningocele
mening/o = meninges -cele = protrusion
protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect
myelomeningocele
myel/o = spinal cord mening/o = meninges -cele = protrusion
protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect
poliomyelitis
poli/o = gray matter myel/o = spinal cord -itis = inflammation
viral infection affecting spinal cord
paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent
Bell’s palsy
one-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus
Guillain-Barre syndrome (BGS)
temporary loss of myelin sheath
may be autoimmune
starts in legs and progresses up nervous system
multiple sclerosis
axonal demyelination then degeneration
plaques “hardenings” form in the CNS
meningitis
mening/o = meninges -itis = inflammation
inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection; symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, lethargy, vomiting, irritability, and
photophobia
neuroma
neur/o = nerve -oma = tumor
tumor of nerve or sheath around nerve
radiculopathy
radicul/o = nerve root -pathy = disease
condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on nerve root
radiculitis
radicul/o = nerve root -itis = inflammation
inflammation of a nerve root
alges/o
sense of pain
algesia
astr/o
star
astrocyte
clon/o
rapid contracting
clonic
concuss/o
to shake violently
concussion
dur/o
dura mater
dural/ subdural
encephal/o
brain
encephalic
esthes/o
sensation
synesthsia
gli/o
glue
glial
ment/o
mind
mental
myel/o
spinal cord
myelitis
peripher/o
away from center
peripheral
pont/o
pons
pontine
radicul/o
nerve root
radicular
thec/o
sheath
thecal
