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Medical Terminology - Spurgin > Chapter 8 concepts and terms > Flashcards

Chapter 8 concepts and terms Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are three other names for the Gastrointestinal system?

A

gut
alimentary canal
gastrointestinal tract

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2
Q

approx. how many feet is the GI tract?

A

30 feet

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3
Q

in order from beginning to end, what organs are connected to the gut?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon (rectum and anus)

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4
Q

what are some accessory organs to the GI tract?

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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5
Q

what are three main functions of the system?

A

digesting food, absorption nutrients, and eliminating waste

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6
Q

describe how food is ingested

A

teeth manually break down food
our muscular tongue moves food around and mixes it with saliva which has digestive enzymes and lubricates it in preparation for moving down to our esophagus

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7
Q

what portions is our palate divided into?

A

hard bony palate anteriorly

soft palate flexible posteriorly

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8
Q

what two functions does our uvula allow for?

A

speech production and is the location of our gag reflex

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9
Q

what two portions of the pharynx is food entered through?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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10
Q

what prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?

A

epiglottis

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11
Q

what are the wave-like contractions that propel food along the esophagus called?

A

peristalsis

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12
Q

what is the stomach filled with that allows for digestion of food?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCI)

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13
Q

when the food mixes with HCI, what does it form?

A

chyme (watery mix of food and digestive juices)

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14
Q

what is wavy tissue that the stomach is lined with and what does it allow for?

A

rugae is folds of tissue that allow for stomach to be able to stretch out

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15
Q

what are the names of the three regions of the stomach?

A

fundus (top)
body (middle)
antrum (bottom)

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16
Q

what are the names of the two sphincters of the stomach called and what do they allow for?

A 
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter - keeps food from backing up into the esophagus 
pyloric sphincter - allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine
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17
Q

what part of the GI tract is longest?

A

small intestine (20 feet)

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18
Q

where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

A

small intestine

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19
Q

what are the three regions of the small intestine called?

A

duodenum (first section
jejunum (second)
ileum (third)

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20
Q

what are the four regions of the colon called?

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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21
Q

what do salivary glands produce?

A

saliva

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22
Q

what is the mixture of saliva and food called?

A

bolus

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23
Q

what does saliva contain and how does it help digestion?

A

enzyme called amylase begins to digest carbohydrates

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24
Q

what thee salivary glands located and called?

A 
parotid gland (in front of ears)
submandibular glands (floor of mouth)
sublingual glands (floor of mouth)
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25
Q

what does the liver secrete and what does it break down?

A

bile - fats and lipids in process called emulsification

26
Q

what functions does the liver serve?

A

processing nutrients from intestines, detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile

27
Q

what does the gallbladder secrete?

A

bile produced from the liver

28
Q

what two secretions does the pancreas offer and what do they each do?

A

buffers - neutralize acidic chyme

enzymes - digest carbs, lipids, and proteins

29
Q

define orthodontics

A

orth/o - straight
odont/o - tooth

branch of dentistry concerned with tooth alignment

30
Q

define proctology

A

proct/o - anus and rectum
-logy - study of

branch of medicine to do with anus and rectum

31
Q

define aphagia

A

a - without
phagia - eating

unable to swallow or eat

32
Q

define dentalgia

A

dent - dental
-algia - pain

having dental pain

33
Q

define cholecystalgia

A

cholycysto - gallbladder
-algia - pain

pain of the gallbladder

34
Q

bradypepsia

A

brady - slow
pepsia - degestion

having a slow digestive system

35
Q

define cachexia

A

chronic weight loss

36
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity

37
Q

dyspepsia

A

dys - difficult
pepsia - digestion

indigestion or upset stomach

38
Q

dysphagia

A

dys - difficult
phagia - eating

having difficulty eating or swallowing

39
Q

dysorexia

A

dys - abnormal
orexia - appetite

having abnormal appetite

40
Q

gastralgia

A

gastr/o - stomach
-algai - pain

stomach pain

41
Q

hematemesis

A

hemat/o - blood
-emesis - vomiting

vomiting blood

42
Q

hyperemesis

A

hyper - excessive
-emesis - vomiting

excessive vomiting

43
Q

polyphagia

A

poly - many (excessive)
phagia - eating

excessive eating

44
Q

aphthous ulcers

A

canker sores (mouth ulcers)

45
Q

sialadinitis

A

inflammation of salivary gland

46
Q

gingivitis

A

gingiva - gums
-itis - inflammation

inflammation of the gums

47
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

acid from stomach flows back up the esophagus causing inflammation and pain

48
Q

pharyngoplegia

A

pharyngo - throat
-plegia - paralysis

paralysis of throat muscles

49
Q

enteritis

A

enter/o - small intestine
-itis - inflammation

inflammation of small intestine

50
Q

gastritis

A

gastr/o - stomach

-itis - inflammation

51
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of stomach through the diaphragm

52
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

ulcer in lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum

53
Q

anal fistula

A

passageway into rectum created by a fissure

54
Q

explain the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis

A

diverticulosis is the condition of having diverticula

diverticulitis is the inflammation of the diverticulum

55
Q

inguinal hernia

A

when portion of colon protrudes through muscles and into groin region

56
Q

instussception

A

part of intestine folds into itself like a professional camera lens

57
Q

volvulus

A

bowel twists itself causing obstruction

58
Q

colonoscopy

A

colon - colon
scopy - viewing inside

procedure to view inside the colon

59
Q

hepatitis

A

hepat/o - liver

-itis - inflammation

60
Q

cholecystitis

A

cholecyst/o- gallbladder

-itis - inflammation

61
Q

hepatoma

A

hepat/o - liver

-oma - tumor

62
Q

cholelithiasis

A

chol/e - bile, gall
-lithiasis - stone

gallstones

Medical Terminology - Spurgin (14 decks)

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