Chapter 8 concepts and terms Flashcards
What are three other names for the Gastrointestinal system?
gut
alimentary canal
gastrointestinal tract
approx. how many feet is the GI tract?
30 feet
in order from beginning to end, what organs are connected to the gut?
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon (rectum and anus)
what are some accessory organs to the GI tract?
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
what are three main functions of the system?
digesting food, absorption nutrients, and eliminating waste
describe how food is ingested
teeth manually break down food
our muscular tongue moves food around and mixes it with saliva which has digestive enzymes and lubricates it in preparation for moving down to our esophagus
what portions is our palate divided into?
hard bony palate anteriorly
soft palate flexible posteriorly
what two functions does our uvula allow for?
speech production and is the location of our gag reflex
what two portions of the pharynx is food entered through?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
what prevents food from entering the respiratory tract?
epiglottis
what are the wave-like contractions that propel food along the esophagus called?
peristalsis
what is the stomach filled with that allows for digestion of food?
hydrochloric acid (HCI)
when the food mixes with HCI, what does it form?
chyme (watery mix of food and digestive juices)
what is wavy tissue that the stomach is lined with and what does it allow for?
rugae is folds of tissue that allow for stomach to be able to stretch out
what are the names of the three regions of the stomach?
fundus (top)
body (middle)
antrum (bottom)
what are the names of the two sphincters of the stomach called and what do they allow for?
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter - keeps food from backing up into the esophagus pyloric sphincter - allows highly acidic chyme to enter small intestine
what part of the GI tract is longest?
small intestine (20 feet)
where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?
small intestine
what are the three regions of the small intestine called?
duodenum (first section
jejunum (second)
ileum (third)
what are the four regions of the colon called?
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
what do salivary glands produce?
saliva
what is the mixture of saliva and food called?
bolus
what does saliva contain and how does it help digestion?
enzyme called amylase begins to digest carbohydrates
what thee salivary glands located and called?
parotid gland (in front of ears) submandibular glands (floor of mouth) sublingual glands (floor of mouth)
what does the liver secrete and what does it break down?
bile - fats and lipids in process called emulsification
what functions does the liver serve?
processing nutrients from intestines, detoxifying harmful substances, producing bile
what does the gallbladder secrete?
bile produced from the liver
what two secretions does the pancreas offer and what do they each do?
buffers - neutralize acidic chyme
enzymes - digest carbs, lipids, and proteins
define orthodontics
orth/o - straight
odont/o - tooth
branch of dentistry concerned with tooth alignment
define proctology
proct/o - anus and rectum
-logy - study of
branch of medicine to do with anus and rectum
define aphagia
a - without
phagia - eating
unable to swallow or eat
define dentalgia
dent - dental
-algia - pain
having dental pain
define cholecystalgia
cholycysto - gallbladder
-algia - pain
pain of the gallbladder
bradypepsia
brady - slow
pepsia - degestion
having a slow digestive system
define cachexia
chronic weight loss
ascites
accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
dyspepsia
dys - difficult
pepsia - digestion
indigestion or upset stomach
dysphagia
dys - difficult
phagia - eating
having difficulty eating or swallowing
dysorexia
dys - abnormal
orexia - appetite
having abnormal appetite
gastralgia
gastr/o - stomach
-algai - pain
stomach pain
hematemesis
hemat/o - blood
-emesis - vomiting
vomiting blood
hyperemesis
hyper - excessive
-emesis - vomiting
excessive vomiting
polyphagia
poly - many (excessive)
phagia - eating
excessive eating
aphthous ulcers
canker sores (mouth ulcers)
sialadinitis
inflammation of salivary gland
gingivitis
gingiva - gums
-itis - inflammation
inflammation of the gums
gastroesophageal reflux disease
acid from stomach flows back up the esophagus causing inflammation and pain
pharyngoplegia
pharyngo - throat
-plegia - paralysis
paralysis of throat muscles
enteritis
enter/o - small intestine
-itis - inflammation
inflammation of small intestine
gastritis
gastr/o - stomach
-itis - inflammation
hiatal hernia
protrusion of stomach through the diaphragm
peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
ulcer in lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum
anal fistula
passageway into rectum created by a fissure
explain the difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis
diverticulosis is the condition of having diverticula
diverticulitis is the inflammation of the diverticulum
inguinal hernia
when portion of colon protrudes through muscles and into groin region
instussception
part of intestine folds into itself like a professional camera lens
volvulus
bowel twists itself causing obstruction
colonoscopy
colon - colon
scopy - viewing inside
procedure to view inside the colon
hepatitis
hepat/o - liver
-itis - inflammation
cholecystitis
cholecyst/o- gallbladder
-itis - inflammation
hepatoma
hepat/o - liver
-oma - tumor
cholelithiasis
chol/e - bile, gall
-lithiasis - stone
gallstones
