Chapter 11 Endocrine System Flashcards
difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
exocrine utilize a duct to release secretions (sweat glands)
endocrine release hormone directly into bloodstream (pituitary gland)
Hormones are chemicals that act on target organs to ________?
either increase or decrease target’s activity level
the pituitary gland is directly controlled by ___?
hypothalamus
what sections is the pituitary gland divided into?
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
what does the adrenocorticotropic hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?
function of the adrenal cortex
what does the luteinizing hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?
secretion of sex hormones
and plays role in releasing ova in females
what does the follicle-stimulating hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?
development of ova and sperm
also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen
what are the two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone - to the kidneys
oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions and triggers breast to begin to produce milk
where are the adrenal glands located and how many of them are there?
two glands
located above each kidney
what three corticosteroids that are secreted by the adrenal cortex? and their general functions?
Mineralocorticoids - regulate sodium and potassium levels
glucocorticoids - regulate carbohydrates and cortisol (stress hormone
Steroid sex hormones - regulate secondary sexual characteristics
what two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
what two hormones are secreted by the ovaries?
estrogen - menstrual cycle and female characteristics
progesterone - maintains uterine environment for pregnancy
what organ is the only one to have both endocrine and exocrine functions?
pancreas
what exocrine function does the pancreas serve?
releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum
what two hormones are released by the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
what are the differences between insulin and glucagon?
insulin - beta cells; lowers blood sugar
glucagon - alpha cells; raises blood sugar levels
where is the thyroid gland located?
on either side of trachea (butterfly shape)
what three hormones are released by the thyroid gland?
thyroxine - help with metabolism
triiodothyronine - help with metabolism
calcitonin - regulates calcium in the bloodstream by increasing the deposition of calcium into bone and thus lowering calcium in bloodstream
where are the parathyroid glands and how many are there?
4 tiny glands on dorsal side of thyroid gland
what hormone does parathyroid gland release and what does it do?
parathyroid hormone - regulate calcium in bloodstream by breaking down bone to raise its levels
how do the calcitonin of the thyroid gland and the parathyroid hormone work together for a homeostatic balance of calcium?
if calcium level rises above a set point, thyroid gland releases calcitonin which makes the calcium levels fall.
if calcium level falls below a set point, parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels
where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete?
tiny gland in the thalamus region
melatonin - regulate circadian rhythm (24-hour clock)
thymosin - growth and development of T-cells
hyperglycemia
hyper- = excessive glyc/o = sugar -emia = blood condition
thyromegaly
thyr/o = thyroid gland -megaly = enlarged
what portion of the adrenal glands produces sex hormones?
the adrenal cortex
gynecomastia
development of breast tissue in males
adrenal virilism
hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females
hirsutism
excessive amount of hair
how can a disruption of the adrenal gland affect men and women?
a hypersecretion in the adrenal gland of steroid sex hormones, such as estrogen, can develop secondary female characteristics such as breasts in males
a hypersecretion in the adrenal gland of steroid sex hormones, such as testosterone can develop secondary male characterizes in females such as excessive hair on the face or (hirsutism).
addison’s disease
hyposecretion of adrenal cortex
Cushing’s syndrome
hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
type 1 diabetes?
immune system attacks cells in pancreas that make insulin
type 2 diabetes
cells stop responding to insulin
main difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?
type 1: lack of insulin,
develops early in life,
must take insulin injections
type 2: resistance to insulin, develops later in life, treated by diet exercise and oral medications
ketoacidosis
excess of acidic ketone bodies; complication of diabetes
diabetic retinopathy
accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes
peripheral neuropathy
damage to nerves in lower legs and hands; complication of diabetes
tetany can cause nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to
hypocalcemia; may be complication from hypoparathyroidism
diabetes insipidus
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; can cause polyuria and polydipsia
gigantism vs dwarfism
hypersecretion of growth hormone in child
hyposecretion of growth hormone in child
acromegaly
chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; enlargement of bones of head and extremities
panhypopituitarism
hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones
congenital hypothyroidism
congenital condition; lack of thyroid hormone
hashimoto’s thyroiditis
autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in hyposecretion
myxedema
sever hypothyroidism in adult
goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
grave’s disease
hypersecretion of thyroid
thyrotoxicosis
hypersecretion of thyroid
exophthalmos
protruding eyeballs; associated with hypersecretion of thyroid gland
gonad/o-
sex glands
kal/i-
potassium
mineral/o-
electrolytes
natr/o-
sodium
somat/o-
body
thym/o
thymus
thyr/o-
thyroid
how does HEAL help us remember the functions of the hypothalamus
Homeostatic
Endocrine
Autonomic
Limbic
