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Medical Terminology - Spurgin > Chapter 11 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?

A

exocrine utilize a duct to release secretions (sweat glands)

endocrine release hormone directly into bloodstream (pituitary gland)

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2
Q

Hormones are chemicals that act on target organs to ________?

A

either increase or decrease target’s activity level

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3
Q

the pituitary gland is directly controlled by ___?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

what sections is the pituitary gland divided into?

A

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

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5
Q

what does the adrenocorticotropic hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?

A

function of the adrenal cortex

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6
Q

what does the luteinizing hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?

A

secretion of sex hormones

and plays role in releasing ova in females

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7
Q

what does the follicle-stimulating hormone released by the pituitary gland regulate?

A

development of ova and sperm

also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen

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8
Q

what are the two hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone - to the kidneys

oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions and triggers breast to begin to produce milk

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9
Q

where are the adrenal glands located and how many of them are there?

A

two glands

located above each kidney

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10
Q

what three corticosteroids that are secreted by the adrenal cortex? and their general functions?

A

Mineralocorticoids - regulate sodium and potassium levels
glucocorticoids - regulate carbohydrates and cortisol (stress hormone
Steroid sex hormones - regulate secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

what two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

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12
Q

what two hormones are secreted by the ovaries?

A

estrogen - menstrual cycle and female characteristics

progesterone - maintains uterine environment for pregnancy

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13
Q

what organ is the only one to have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

pancreas

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14
Q

what exocrine function does the pancreas serve?

A

releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum

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15
Q

what two hormones are released by the pancreas

A

insulin and glucagon

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16
Q

what are the differences between insulin and glucagon?

A

insulin - beta cells; lowers blood sugar

glucagon - alpha cells; raises blood sugar levels

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17
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

on either side of trachea (butterfly shape)

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18
Q

what three hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxine - help with metabolism
triiodothyronine - help with metabolism
calcitonin - regulates calcium in the bloodstream by increasing the deposition of calcium into bone and thus lowering calcium in bloodstream

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19
Q

where are the parathyroid glands and how many are there?

A

4 tiny glands on dorsal side of thyroid gland

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20
Q

what hormone does parathyroid gland release and what does it do?

A

parathyroid hormone - regulate calcium in bloodstream by breaking down bone to raise its levels

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21
Q

how do the calcitonin of the thyroid gland and the parathyroid hormone work together for a homeostatic balance of calcium?

A

if calcium level rises above a set point, thyroid gland releases calcitonin which makes the calcium levels fall.
if calcium level falls below a set point, parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels

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22
Q

where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete?

A

tiny gland in the thalamus region
melatonin - regulate circadian rhythm (24-hour clock)
thymosin - growth and development of T-cells

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23
Q

hyperglycemia

A 
hyper- = excessive
glyc/o = sugar
-emia = blood condition
24
Q

thyromegaly

A 
thyr/o = thyroid gland
-megaly = enlarged
25
Q

what portion of the adrenal glands produces sex hormones?

A

the adrenal cortex

26
Q

gynecomastia

A

development of breast tissue in males

27
Q

adrenal virilism

A

hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal cortex in females

28
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive amount of hair

29
Q

how can a disruption of the adrenal gland affect men and women?

A

a hypersecretion in the adrenal gland of steroid sex hormones, such as estrogen, can develop secondary female characteristics such as breasts in males
a hypersecretion in the adrenal gland of steroid sex hormones, such as testosterone can develop secondary male characterizes in females such as excessive hair on the face or (hirsutism).

30
Q

addison’s disease

A

hyposecretion of adrenal cortex

31
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypersecretion of adrenal cortex

32
Q

type 1 diabetes?

A

immune system attacks cells in pancreas that make insulin

33
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

cells stop responding to insulin

34
Q

main difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?

A

type 1: lack of insulin,
develops early in life,
must take insulin injections
type 2: resistance to insulin, develops later in life, treated by diet exercise and oral medications

35
Q

ketoacidosis

A

excess of acidic ketone bodies; complication of diabetes

36
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

accumulation of damage to retina; complication of diabetes

37
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

damage to nerves in lower legs and hands; complication of diabetes

38
Q

tetany can cause nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to

A

hypocalcemia; may be complication from hypoparathyroidism

39
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; can cause polyuria and polydipsia

40
Q

gigantism vs dwarfism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone in child

hyposecretion of growth hormone in child

41
Q

acromegaly

A

chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; enlargement of bones of head and extremities

42
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones

43
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

congenital condition; lack of thyroid hormone

44
Q

hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

autoimmune destruction of thyroid resulting in hyposecretion

45
Q

myxedema

A

sever hypothyroidism in adult

46
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland

47
Q

grave’s disease

A

hypersecretion of thyroid

48
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

hypersecretion of thyroid

49
Q

exophthalmos

A

protruding eyeballs; associated with hypersecretion of thyroid gland

50
Q

gonad/o-

A

sex glands

51
Q

kal/i-

A

potassium

52
Q

mineral/o-

A

electrolytes

53
Q

natr/o-

A

sodium

54
Q

somat/o-

A

body

55
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

56
Q

thyr/o-

A

thyroid

57
Q

how does HEAL help us remember the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic
Endocrine
Autonomic
Limbic

Medical Terminology - Spurgin (14 decks)

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