Chapter 9: Urinary System Flashcards
the urinary system is responsible for four things
1- maintaining a stable internal environment
2- removing waste products from blood
3- adjusting water and electrolyte levels
4- maintaining the correct pH
organs of the urinary system
- 2 kidneys
- 2 ureters
- bladder
- urethra
azot/o
nitrogenous waste
bacteri/o
bacteria
corpor/o
body
cyst/o
urinary bladder
genit/o
genitals
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glycos/o
sugar, glucose
home/o
sameness
hydr/o
water
iatr/o
physician, medicine, treatment
idi/o
distinctive
keton/o
ketones
meat/o
meatus
nephr/o
kidney
noct/i
night
olig/o
scanty
protein/o
protein
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
tox/o
poison
ur/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
urin/o
urine
-lith
stone
-lysis
to destroy
-ptosis
drooping
-uria
urine condition
the urinary system is also called the
genitourinary/GU system
a build-up of wastes is called
uremia
wastes are removed from the body by a system of _______________ and ___________
blood vessels and tubules
filtration of the blood takes place in the
nephrons
urine drains from the ____________ and the ureters carry it to the _____________
kidney/bladder
when the ______________ empties, urine moves through the _____________ and out
bladder/urethra
the two kidneys are behind the _______________ and are _______________
peritoneum/retroperitoneal
the concave hilum is the entry point for the _________ _________ and the exit point for the ______ _______
renal artery/ renal vein
the renal artery brings in
waste-filled blood
the renal vein takes out
clean blood
the ______ also exits at the hilum
ureter
the outer portion of the kidney is the _________ and is like the kidney’s shell
cortex
the inner area of the kidney is called the
medulla
the medulla contains _____________ that point inward toward the hilum
pyramids
the tip or __________ of each pyramid opens into a ________
papilla/calyx
the __________ collect urine and empty into the renal pelvis
calyces
the __________ is the working unit of the kidney
nephron
each nephron has a renal _____________ and a renal _________
corpuscle/tubule
the corpuscle filters the blood using ______________ capsule and ____________
glomerular/glomerulus
____________ _________ carry blood to the glomeruli
afferent arterioles
___________ __________ carry blood away
efferent arterioles
water and substances removed from the blood in the corpuscle flow into the __________ ____________
renal tubules
the _____________ complete urine production
tubules
the tubules are divided into 4 parts
1- proximal convoluted tubule
2- nephron loop
3- distal convoluted tubule
4- collecting tubule
the _________ carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
ureters
the ureters are tubes less than a quarter inch wide and between ___ and ___ inches long
10 and 12
ureters are lined with
mucous membrane
the bladder is an _________ _____________ ______ in the base of the pelvis
elastic muscular sac
the bladder is composed of three layers of __________ __________ lined with ____________
smooth muscle/rugae
the bladder receives and stores urine from the __________
ureters
the bladder can hold between _____ and _____ mL of urine
300 and 400
the bladder signals the urge to
empty
_____________ ___________ cause the bladder to contract and the ____________ __________ to relax
involuntary muscles/internal sphincter
______________ ___________ control the external sphincter for intentional emptying
voluntary muscles
bladder control is developed sometime after a person reaches age
2
the __________ is a tubular canal that carries urine out of the bladder
urethra
the female urethra is __ to __ inches long
1 to 2
the male urethra is __ inches long
8
in women, the urethra serves to
ONLY carry urine out of the body
in men, the urethra serves to
carry BOTH urine and semen out of the body
the kidneys are responsible for
homeostasis- balance in the body
the urinary system continually maintains the proper balance of __________ and __________ in the body
water and chemicals
if the body has too little water, the kidneys
conserve it
if the body has excess water, the kidneys
excrete it
the kidneys also regulate the level of
electrolytes- small, biologically important molecules
the kidneys also help maintain the correct ___ within the body
pH
as nephrons remove wastes, many ___________ ___________ are also initially removed from the blood
desirable molecules
to prevent the desirable molecules being excreted, urine is produced in stages
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
filtration is the ___ stage
first
filtration occurs in the _________ __________ as pressure forces material out of the blood and into the _________ _________
renal capsule/renal tubules
filtration material is a fluid called
glomerular filtrate
filtrate contains
- water
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- wastes
- toxins
reabsorption is the __ stage
second
reabsorption occurs as filtrate passes through the
four sections of the renal tubule
in reabsorption, most of the ________, ____________, and ___________ are reabsorbed
water, electrolytes, and nutrients
water, electrolytes, and nutrients return to the blood via the
peritubular capillaries
secretion is the __ stage
third
secretion occurs as special cells of the renal tubules secrete __________, ______ ______, and ________ directly into the renal tubules
ammonia, uric acid, and wastes
in secretion, urine formation is finished at this point, and urine proceeds through the __________ and eventually
kidneys/out of the body
urine is a _______ to _______ color
deep gold to clear
urine is ________ during production and collection but becomes contaminated as it ______________________
sterile/exits the body
urine contains
- water
- electrolytes
- toxins
- nitrogenous wastes
nitrogenous waste
by-products of protein metabolism
nitrogenous waste will become _________ (highly toxic cells) if not released form the body in the form of urea
ammonia
__________, _________, or __________ in urine indicated a disease process
glucose, blood, or albumin
normal urine output is _______ to _________ mL in a 24-hour period
1,000 to 2,000
normal urine is
acidic
_______ ________ of urine indicates the amount of dissolved substances
specific gravity
concentrated urine has a
high specific gravity
dilute urine has a
low specific gravity
normal value for color in urine
straw-colored, pale yellow to deep gold
the normal value for odor in urine
aromatic
normal value for appearance in urine
clear
normal value for specific gravity in urine
1.001-1.030
normal value for pH in urine
5.0-8.0
normal value for protein in urine
negative to trace
normal value for glucose in urine
none
normal value for ketones in urine
none
normal value for blood in urine
negative
azot/o
nitrogenous waste
bacteri/o
bacteria
bi/o
life
carcin/o
cancer
corpor/o
body
cyst/o
bladder, pouch
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glycos/o
sugar
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
hydr/o
water
iatr/o
medicine
idi/o
distinctive
keton/o
ketones
lith/o
stone
meat/o
meatus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
tox/o
poison
ur/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
urin/o
urine
ven/o
vein
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-ar
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-cele
protrusion
-eal
pertaining to
-ectasis
dilated
-ectomy
surgical removal
-emia
blood condition
-genic
producing
-gram
record
-graphy
process of recording
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stone
-lithiasis
condition of stones
-logy
study of
-lysis
to destroy
-malacia
abnormal softening
-megaly
enlargement
-meter
instrument to measure
-oma
tumor
-ory
pertaining to
-osis
abnormal condition
-ostomy
surgically create an opening
-otomy
cutting into
-ous
pertaining to
-pathy
disease
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-ptosis
drooping
-rrhagia
abnormal flow condition
-sclerosis
hardening
-scope
instrument to visually examine
-scopy
process of visually examining
-stenosis
narrowing
-tic
pertaining to
-tripsy
surgical crushing
-uria
urine condition
an-
without
anti-
against
dys-
painful, difficult
extra-
outside of
intra-
within
poly-
many
retro-
backward
cystic
pertaining to the bladder
glomerular
pertaining to a glomerulus
meatal
pertaining to the meatus
pyelitic
pertaining to the renal pelvis
renal
pertaining to the kidney
ureteral
pertaining to a ureter
urethral
pertaining to the urethra
urinary
pertaining to urine
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine
UTI
urinary tract infection
U/A, UA
urinalysis
urinometer
instrument to measure specific gravity of urine
KUB
abdominal X-ray showing kidneys, ureters, and bladder
ESWL
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy- breaks down renal calculi with ultrasound waves
cystectomy
surgical removal of the bladder
cystopexy
surgical fixation of the bladder
cystoplasty
surgical repair of the bladder
cystostomy
surgical creation of a new opening into the bladder
cystotomy
cutting into the bladder
lithotomy
cutting into an organ to remove a stone
lithotripsy
physical destruction of a stone
meatotomy
incision into the meatus to enlarge it
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney
nephrolithotomy
incision to remove stones from the kidney
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a kidney
nephrostomy
surgical creation of a new opening into a kidney
nephrotomy
cutting into a kidney
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
renal transplant
surgical placement of a donor kidney
ARF
acute renal failure
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
CRF
chronic renal failure
