Chapter 8: Digestive System Flashcards
the digestive system ____________ and ___________ breaks down food and absorbs nutrients in the body
mechanically and chemically
organs and accessory structures of the digestive system include:
- anus
- esophagus
- gallbladder
- large intestine
- liver
- mouth
- oral cavity
- pancreas
- pharynx
- salivary glands
- small intestine
- stomach
an/o
anus
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
bar/o
weight
bucc/o
cheek
cec/o
cecum
cholangi/o
bile duct
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
cirrh/o
yellow
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
dent/o
tooth
diverticul/o
pouch
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
lith/o
stone
odont/o
tooth
or/o
mouth
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
pharyng/o
pharynx
polyp/o
polyp
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pylorus
pyr/o
fire
rect/o
rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
-emesis
vomit
-emetic
pertaining to vomiting
-iatric
pertaining to medical treatment
-istry
speciality of
-lithiasis
condition of stones
-orexia
appetite
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eat, swallow
-prandial
pertaining to a meal
-tripsy
surgical crushing
most digestive organs are actually distinct section of the gut tube and those are:
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
accessory organs involved in the digestive process but not part of the continuous gut tube
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- liver
- gallbladder
accessory organs are connected to the gut by
ducts
the digestive system has three main functions
1- physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller nutrient molecules
2- absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream
3- elimination of any food that is not digested or absorbed
the ______________ is the first portion of the continuous gut tube
oral cavity
the ________ mechanically break down food
teeth
the ________ moves food and mixes it with saliva
tongue
saliva contains _________________ and __________ food
digestive enzymes and lubricates
_______________ detect the five main flavors
taste buds
the __________ is the roof of the oral cavity
palate
the bony anterior portion is the
hard palate
the flexible posterior portion is the
soft palate
the _______ hangs from the soft palate, where it is involved in speech production and the gag reflex
uvula
the ________ are the lateral walls of the oral cavity
cheeks
the ______ are the anterior opening of the oral cavity
lips
the entire oral cavity is lined with
mucous membrane
a portion of the mucous membrane forms _________ or _________
gums or gingiva
the teeth in the front of the mouth ______, ________, and ______ food
bite, tear, and cut
the teeth toward the back of the mouth _______ and ______ food into finer pieces
grind and crush
teeth in front:
- incisors
- cuspids (canines)
teeth in back:
- bicuspids (premolars)
- molars
all teeth consist of 2 main parts
- crown
- root
the crown lies ________ the gum line
above
the root lies _________ the gum line
below
the root is anchored in the jaw by ____________ and ____________ ligaments
cementum and periodontal
the crown is covered by
hard enamel
the bulk of the tooth is made of
dentin
the hollow interior is the _______ __________ in the crown and root canal in the root
pulp cavity
cavities contain soft tissue made up of ___________, _________, and ___________
blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels
humans have __ sets of teeth
2
the _______________ teeth erupt between the ages of 6 and 28 months
20 deciduous (baby)
around age 6, the deciduous teeth begin to be replaced by the ____________________
32 permanent teeth
eruption of the permanent teeth continues until around ages
18-20
after the oral cavity, the next portion of the digestive tract is the
pharynx
food first passes through the _____________, then progresses through the ______________
oropharynx/laryngopharynx
the ___________ is a flap that prevents swallowed food from entering the respiratory tract
epiglottis
the _____________ is a muscular tube that is about 10 inches long in most adults
esophagus
the esophagus carries food through the ______________ cavity and into the _______________ cavity, where it enters the ___________
thoracic cavity/ abdominal cavity/ stomach
food is propelled through the esophagus by wavelike contractions called
peristalsis
the stomach churns food with ________________ and other gastric juices to form _________
hydrochloric acids/ chyme
the stomach consists of 3 parts
1- fundus (upper portion)
2- body (main portion)
3- antrum (lower portion)
folds called _______ line the entire stomach
rugae
2 muscular valves called sphincters control the flow of food through the stomach
- cardiac sphincter
- pyloric sphincter
the _________________ allows food to pass from the esophagus to the fundus
cardiac sphincter
the _________________ regulates passage of chyme from the antrum to the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
the __________________ is the longest part of the gut tube, extending from the pyloric sphincter in the colon
small intestine
the small intestine is the
major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients
projections called _______ make the lining in the small intestines highly efficient at absorption
villi
__________ on the surface of individual cells further increase absorptive ability
microvilli
the small intestine has 3 sections
1- duodenum
2- jejunum
3- ileum
the duodenum is _______ inches long and begins at the ___________ sphincter
10-12 inches/ pyloric
the jejunum is _________ feet long and extends from the _____________ to the ileum
8 / duodenum
the ileum is _________ long and connects to the coloin via the _______________
12 feet long/ ileocecal valve
from the small intestine, any remaining fluid enters the
large intestine
the remaining material is solid waste– also called
feces or stool
feces are evacuated from the body via
bowel movements
the large intestine is _________ long
5 feet
the large intestine begins at the ____________ and ends at the ________
ileocecal valve/ anus
the ________ is a saclike area in the first 2-3 inches of the large intestine
cecum
the ___________ appendix is located at the end of the cecum
vermiform
the colon consists of four regions
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
__________________ extends upward on the right side of the abdomen
ascending colon
__________________ travels horizontally across the upper abdomen
transverse colon
_________________ travels down the left side of the abdomen
descending colon
______________ curves in an S-shape to the midline of the body
sigmoid colon
the rectum stores
feces
the rectum leads to the _____________, which ends at the anal sphincter
anal canal
the _______________ is the external opening of the digestive tract
anal sphincter
the anal sphincter consists of rings of __________ that control the process of defecation
muscles
accessory organs include
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
the salivary glands produce
saliva
saliva mixes with chewed food to form a _________ that is easier to swallow
bolus
saliva also contains _________, an enzyme that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates
amylase
3 pairs of salivary glands
- parotid glands
- sublingual glands
- submandibular glands
the parotid glands are located
in front of the ears
the sublingual glands are located
in the floor of the mouth
the submandibular glands are located
in the floor of the mouth
the liver is located in which quadrant?
right upper quadrant of the abdomen
functions of the liver
- processing absorbed nutrients
- detoxifying harmful substances
- producing bile
the gallbladder lies under the ________ and stores ________
liver/bile
bile reaches the gallbladder by way of the _________ and _________ ducts
hepatic and cystic
the pancreas connects to the duodenum via the
pancreatic duct
pancreatic enzymes chemically digest _______________, ________, and ______________
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
the pancreas is also an endocrine gland that produces _________ and _________, which regulate blood glucose levels
insulin and glucagon
an/o
anus
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
bar/o
weight
bucc/o
cheek
carcin/o
cancer
cec/o
cecum
chol/e
bile
cholangi/o
bile duct
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
cirrh/o
yellow
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
cutane/o
skin
cyst/o
sac
dent/o
tooth
diverticul/o
pouch
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
inguin/o
groin
jejun/o
jejunum
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
lith/o
stone
mandibul/o
mandible
nas/o
nose
ordont/o
straight
or/o
mouth
orth/o
straight
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
pharyng/o
pharynx
polyp/o
polyp
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pylorus
pyr/o
fire
rect/o
rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
ven/o
vein
-iatric
pertaining to medical treatment
-istry
speciality of
-lithiasis
condition of stones
-orexia
appetite
-ostomy
surgically create an opening
-pepsia
digestion
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plegia
paralysis
-prandial
pertaining to a meal
-ptosis
drooping
-tripsy
surgical crushing
retro-
backward
anal
pertaining to the anus
buccal
pertaining to the cheeks
buccolabial
pertaining to the cheeks and lips
cecal
pertaining to the cecum
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
colonic
pertaining to the colon
colorectal
pertaining to the colon and rectum
cystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
dental
pertaining to the teeth
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
enteric
pertaining to the small intestine
esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
jejunal
pertaining to the jejunum
labial
pertaining to the lips
lingual
pertaining to the tongue
nasogastric
pertaining to the nose and stomach
oral
pertaining to the mouth
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
periodontal
pertaining to around the teeth
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx
pyloric
pertaining to the pylorus
rectal
pertaining to the rectum
sigmoidal
pertaining to the sigmoid colon
sublingual
pertaining to under the tongue
submandibular
pertaining to under the mandible
hematochezia
passing bright red blood in the stool
melena
passage of dark tarry stool due to digested blood
jaundice
yellow cast to skin due to failure of the liver
polyphagia
excessive eating
postprandial
after a meal
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
condition in which acid from the stomach flows backward into the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
disturbance in the function of the intestine from unknown causes
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
use of flexible fiberoptic scope to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and beginning, of the duodenum
body mass index (BMI)
method of determining whether a person’s weight is healthy
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
