Chapter 2: Body Organization and Medical Care Flashcards
Levels in the body
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- body
abdomin/o
abdomen
adip/o
fat
aer/o
air
anter/o
front
brachi/o
arm
cardi/o
heart
caud/o
tail
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
crani/o
skull
crin/o
to secrete
crur/o
leg
cyt/o
cell
dermat/o
skin
dist/o
away from
dors/o
back of body
epitheli/o
epithelium
eti/o
cause
glute/o
buttock
hist/o
tissue
infer/o
below
inguin/o
groin
later/o
side
lumb/o
loin or low back
lymph/o
lymph
medi/o
middle
muscul/o
muscle
nucle/o
nucleus
orth/o
straight, upright
ox/o
oxygen
pariet/o
cavity wall
ped/o
child, foot
pelv/o
pelvis
peritone/o
peritoneum
pleur/o
pleura
poster/o
back
proct/o
rectum and anus
proxim/o
near to
pub/o
genital region
pulmon/o
lung
somat/o
body
spin/o
spine
super/o
above
thorac/o
chest
ur/o, urin/o
urine
vascul/o
blood vessel
ventr/o
belly
vertebr/o
vertebrae
viscer/o
internal organ
Individual cells perform functions
- reproduction
- hormone secretion
- energy production
- excretion
Special cells carry out these functions
muscle contraction and nerve pulse transmission
2 types of mature cells
1- somatic cells
2- gametes
Somatic cells
the vast majority of cells in the body; each carries the full 46 chromosomes
Gametes
reproductive cells; carry only 23 chromosomes
Stem cells
the ability to differentiate into any other type of cell in the body
4 types of tissue
- muscle
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal muscle is attached to bone
- smooth muscle (visceral) is found in organs
- cardiac muscle is found in the heart
Epithelial tissue
forms the lining of internal organs and the skin
Epithelial tissue is made of close-packed cells that do 4 things
- protect (skin)
- absorb (lining of intestine)
- secrete (sweat glands)
- excrete wastes (kidney tubules)
Connective Tissue
supports and protects the body
Different forms of connective tissue
- adipose
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons
Nervous tissue
composed of cells called neurons, form in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Integumentary system
forms a two-way barrier, aids in temperature regulation
Organs in the integumentary system
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
Musculoskeletal System
supports and protects the body; forms blood cells and stores minerals; produces movement
Organs in the musculoskeletal system include
- bones
- joints
- muscles
Cardiovascular system
pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
Organs in the cardiovascular system include
- heart
- arteries
- veins
Blood (Hematic) System
transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and controls bleeding
Blood system includes
- plasma
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
Lymphatic system
protects the body from disease and invasion by pathogens
Organs in the lymphatic system include
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
- spleen
- thymus gland
- tonsils
Respiratory system
brings oxygen into and takes carbon dioxide out of the body
Organs in the respiratory system include
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tubes
- lungs
Gastrointestinal system
ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients
Organs in the gastrointestinal system include
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestine
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- salivary glands
Urinary system
filters wastes from blood and removes them from the body
Organs in the urinary system include
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Female Reproductive system
produces eggs and provides for the growing baby; nourishes infant
Organs in the female reproductive system include
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- vulva
- breasts
Male reproductive system
produces sperm
Organs in the male reproductive system include
- testes
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- penis
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral gland
Endocrine system
regulates metabolic activity
Organs in the endocrine system include
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
Nervous system
receives sensory information from the body; coordinates response to that information
Organs in the nervous system include
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
The anatomical position
- standing erect and looking ahead
- has hands at sides and palms forward
- has legs parallel and feet and toes forward
3 body planes
- sagittal plane
- frontal plane
- transverse plane
Sagittal plane (median plane or midsagittal plane)
divides the body into left and right portions
Frontal plane (coronal plane)
divides the body into front and back portions
Transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
Cross-section
produced by a slice perpendicular to the long axis of a structure
Longitudinal section
produced by a lengthwise slice along the long axis of a structure
Abdominal
abdomen; on anterior side of trunk
Brachial
upper extremities or arms
Cephalic
head
Cervical
neck; connects head to trunk
Crural
lower extremities or legs
Dorsum
back; on posterior side of trunk
Gluteal
buttocks; on posterior side of trunk
Pelvic
pelvis; on anterior side of trunk
Pubic
region containing external genitals; on anterior side of trunk
Thoracic
chest; on anterior side of trunk; also called thorax
Trunk
contains all body regions other than head, neck, and extremities; also called torso
Vertebral
overlies spinal column or vertebrae; on posterior side
2 dorsal cavities
- cranial cavity contains the brain
- The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity
- lungs
- mediastinum
- contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
Abdominopelvic cavity
- divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities
- contains the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs
Parietal layer
lines the cavities
Visceral layer
contacts the viscera
The abdominopelvic cavity sac is known as
the peritoneum
Pleural cavity
surrounds the lungs
Pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
- liver (majority)
- right kidney
- colon
- pancreas (small portion)
- gall bladder
- small intestine
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
- liver (small portion)
- spleen
- left kidney
- stomach
- colon
- pancreas (majority)
- small intestine
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
- colon
- small intestine
- right ureter
- appendix
- right ovary
- right fallopian tube
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
- colon
- small intestine
- left ureter
- left ovary
- left fallopian tube
Midline area
- bladder
- uterus
- prostate
Superior or cephalic
more toward the head or above another structure
Inferior or caudal
more toward the feet or below another structure
Anterior or ventral
more toward the front or belly-side of the body
Posterior or dorsal
more toward the back or spinal cord side of the body
Medial
more toward the middle or midline of the body
Lateral
more toward the side of the body
Proximal
nearer to the point of attachment to the body
Distal
farther away from the point of attachment to the body
Apex
the tip or summit of an organ
Base
the bottom or lower part of an organ
Superficial
more toward the surface of the body
Deep
further away from the surface of the body
Supine
lying horizontally facing upward
Prone
lying horizontally facing downward
Etiology
describing what causes a disease
Pathogenesis
describing how the disease develops
Disease
characterized by an abnormal and harmful functioning of cells, tissues, organs, or body systems
Disorder
an irregularity in normal functioning as a result of having a disease
Syndrome
a group of signs and symptoms occurring together that may point to a particular disease
Signs
objective evidence of abnormalities
Symptoms
subjective and felt only by the patient
Diagnosis
identifying a disease
Diagnostic procedures
clinical laboratory tests or diagnostic images
Prognosis
expected course and outcome for a given diagnosis; therapeutic procedures
AP
anteriorposterior
CV
cardiovascular
Derm, derm
dermatology
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DX, Dx, dx
diagnosis
ENT
ear, nose, and throat
GI
gastrointestinal
GYN
gynecology
lat
lateral
LE
lower extremity
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MS
musculoskeletal
OB
obstetrics
PA
posterioranterior
Path
pathology
PX, Px
prognosis
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
S/S, S/Sx
signs and symptoms
SX, Sx
symptoms
UE
upper extremity
Integumentary system specialty
dermatology
Musculoskeletal system specialty
orthopedics
Cardiovascular system specialty
cardiology
Hematic system specialty
hematology
Lymphatic system specialty
immunology
Respiratory system specialty
- otorhinolaryngology
- pulmonology
- thoracic surgery
Gastrointestinal system specialty
- gastroenterology
- proctology
Urinary system specialty
- nephrology
- urology
Female Reproductive system specialty
- gynecology
- obstetrics
Male reproductive system specialty
urology
Endocrine system specialty
endocrinology
Nervous system specialty
- neurology
- neurosurgery
Special sense: eyes specialty
ophthalmology
Special sense: ear specialty
otorhinolaryngology
