Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
the skeletal system consists of how many bones
206
the skeleton is the ___________________ of the body
internal framework
functions of the musculoskeletal system
- supports the body
- protects organs
- is the point of muscle attachment
- produces blood cells and stores minerals
bones and joints are skeletal ____________
organs
axial division
appendicular division
ankyl/o
stiff joint
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
sac
carp/o
carpus
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
clavicul/o
clavicle
coccyg/o
coccyx
cortic/o
outer layer
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
femor/o
femur
fibr/o
fibers
fibul/o
fibula
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
kyph/o
hump
lamin/o
lamina, part of the vertebra
lord/o
bent backward
lumb/o
loin, low back
mandibul/o
mandible
maxill/o
maxilla
medull/o
inner portion
menisc/o
meniscus
metacarp/o
metacarpus
metatars/o
metatarsus
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
patell/o
patella
pector/o
chest
ped/o
foot, child
pelv/o
pelvis
phalang/o
phalanges
pod/o
foot
prosthet/o
addition
pub/o
pubis
radi/o
radius, ray
sacr/o
sacrum
scapul/o
scapula
scoli/o
crooked
spin/o
spine
spondyl/o
vertebrae
stern/o
sternum
synovi/o
synovial membrane
synov/o
synovial membrane
tars/o
tarsus
thorac/o
chest
tibi/o
tibia
uln/o
ulna
vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
immature
-clasia
to break surgically
-clast
broken
-desis
to fuse
-listhesis
slipping
-logic
pertaining to the study of
-phyte
growth
-porosis
porous
each bone is a body organ with a ___________, ____________, and __________________
blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
joints give the skeleton
flexibility
bones are also called
osseous tissue
bones are one of the ______________ materials in the body
hardest
bones are formed by the gradual process of
ossification
the fetal skeleton is made of
cartilage
the cartilage of the fetus is replaced by ___________ that mature into _____________
osteoblasts/osteocytes
old bone is broken down by
osteoclasts
in adults, bones completely replace themselves every ______ years
10
long bones examples
- femur
- humerus
short bones examples
- carpals
- tarsals
flat bones examples
- sternum
- scapula
- ilium
- cranium bones
irregular bones example
- vertebrae
the majority of bones are _________ bones
long
long bones have 2 parts:
1- diaphysis
2- epiphysis
diaphysis
central shaft and contains the medullary cavity
epiphysis
the wide portion at either end of bone; the head of the bone
articular cartilage covers the ___________
epiphysis
periosteum covers the _____________
diaphysis
the hard exterior of the bone is called ____________ or _____________
compact or cortical bone
what type of bone is found inside the bone
cancellous or spongy
bones have many projections and depressions called
processes
what processes allow for joint articulation
round, smooth
what processes provide muscle attachment points
rough
skeleton has 2 divisions
1- axial
2- appendicular
axial skeleton
contains bones of the
- head
- neck
- spine
- chest
- trunk
appendicular skeleton
contains the
- pectoral girdle
- upper extremities
- pelvic girdle
- lower extremities
the head/skull is divided into two parts
1- cranium
2- facial bones
the skull protects the
- brain
- eyes
- ears
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
the cranium provides attachment for ___________ and ______________ muscles
chewing and head
the skull encases the brain and consists of the following bones
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- ethmoid
- occipital
facial bones
- mandible
- maxilla
- 2 zygomatic bones
- vomer
- palatine
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 lacrimal bones
cervical vertebrae
neck region; C1-C7
thoracic vertebrae
chest region; T1-T12
lumbar vertebrae
small of back; L1-L5
sacrum
base of the vertebral column
coccyx
3-5 vertebrae attached to the sacrum
12 pairs of ribs that attach to the vertebral column and are divided into
10 pairs= attach to sternum and are known as true ribs
2 lower pairs= do not attach to the sternum and are called floating ribs
pectoral girdle
attaches the upper extremities to the axial skeleton
pectoral girdle consists of
clavicle and the scapula
pelvic girdle is called the
os coxae, innominate bone, or the hipbone
pelvic girdle
attaches the lower extremity to the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle consists of
ilium, ischium, and pubis
3 types of joints
1- synovial joints
2- cartilaginous joints
3- fibrous joints
synovial joints
- freely moving
- most common type
- ball-and-socket joint
- contain a capsule lined with lubricant-secreting synovial membrane
- bones are held together by ligaments or strong bands of connective tissue
- common in the elbow, knee, and shoulder joint
cartilaginous joints
- slight movement
- hold bones firmly in place with a solid piece of cartilage
- pubic symphysis allows the pelvis to widen during childbirth
fibrous joints
- allow almost no movement
- joined by thick fibrous tissue that can fuse to bone
- sutures in the skull
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
surgical removal
-iatry
medical treatment
-listhesis
slipping
-ory
pertaining to
carpal
pertaining to the carpus
cervical
pertaining to the neck
clavicular
pertaining to the clavicle
coccygeal
pertaining to the coccyx
cortical
pertaining to the outer layer
costal
pertaining to the ribs
cranial
pertaining to the skull
femoral
pertaining to the femur
fibular
pertaining to the fibula
humeral
pertaining to the humerus
iliac
pertaining to the ilium
intervertebral
pertaining to the vertebrae
intracranial
pertaining to the inside of the skull
ischial
pertaining to the ischium
lumbar
pertaining to the low back
mandibular
pertaining to the mandible
maxillary
pertaining to the maxilla
medullary
pertaining to the inner region
metacarpal
pertaining to the metacarpus
metatarsal
pertaining to the metatarsus
patellar
pertaining to the patella
phalangeal
pertaining to the phalanges
pubic
pertaining to the pubis
radial
pertaining to the radius
sacral
pertaining to the sacrum
scapular
pertaining to the scapula
spinal
pertaining to the spine
sternal
pertaining to the sternum
tarsal
pertaining to the tarsus
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
tibial
pertaining to the tibia
ulnar
pertaining to the ulna
vertebral
pertaining to the vertebra
chiropractic
healthcare profession concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of malignment conditions of the spine and musculoskeletal system; bone doctor
orthopedics
branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system
orthotics
healthcare profession specializing in making orthopedic appliances such as braces and splints
podiatry
healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs
prosthetics
healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts
rheumatology
branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal system and autoimmune conditions affecting the joints, muscles, and bones
arthralgia
joint pain
bursitis
inflammation of bursa
callus
mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
crepitation
noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together
ostealgia
bone pain
synovitis
inflammation of synovial membrane
closed fracture/simple fracture
fracture with no open skin wound
comminuted fracture
fracture where bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed
compound fracture/open fracture
fracture with an open skin wound
compression fracture
fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis
fracture
broken bone
greenstick fracture
incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the other is bent; common in children
impacted fracture
bone fragments are pushed into each other
oblique fracture
fracture at an angle to bone
pathologic fracture
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
spiral fracture
fracture line spirals around shaft of bone; often slower to heal
stress fracture
slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running
transverse fracture
fracture straight across bone
avascular necrosis
abnormal condition of decay or death of bone
chondroma
tumor in cartilage; usually benign
Ewing’s sarcoma
a cancerous tumor of shaft long bones; spreads through periosteum; amputation is necessary to prevent metastasis
exotosis
bone spur
osteochondroma
tumor, usually benign, consisting of both bone and cartilage tissue
osteogenic sarcoma
most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes
osteoma
tumor found in bone tissue
osteomalacia
softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children by in insufficient sunlight and vitamin D
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
osteopathy
general term for bone disease
osteopenia
abnormal decrease in bone mass
osteophyte
a type of exostosis; this bony growth is usually found within a joint capsule
osteoporosis
decrease in bone mass; results in thinning and weakening of the bones; porous bone easily fractures
Paget disease
metabolic disease in bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and deformity
rickets
caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities like bowed legs
ankylosing spondylitis
inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and fusion of vertebrae
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)/ruptured disk
production of an intervertebral disk
kyphosis
abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback
lordosis
abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback
scoliosis
lateral curve of spine
spina bifida
congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord
spinal stenosis
narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves
spondylolisthesis
forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over a vertebra below it
spondylosis
general term for degenerative vertebral column condition
whiplash
cervical muscle and ligament sprain
adhesive capsulitis
limitation in the range of motion due to thickening caused by inflammation of the joint capsule
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
the anterior ligament is prone to being stretched, torn, or ruptured with trauma involving an abrupt change of direction
bunion
inflammation of bursa at base of great toe
dislocation
bones in the joint are displaced from the abnormal alignment
gout
type of arthritis presenting as pain and swelling, usually in the first metatarsophalangeal joint
osteoarthritis (OA)
results in degeneration of bone and joints; bone rubs against bone
prepatellar bursitis
swelling of bursa between patella and skin; seen in persons who kneel often
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint deformities
sprain
damage to ligaments around the joint due to overstretching; no dislocation or fracture
sublaxation
incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems and may include joint pain; looks like rheumatoid arthritis
talipes
congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot
arthrography
visualizing joint by x-ray after injecting contrast medium to joint
bone scan
nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastasis
dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)
measures bone density using low dose x-ray; detects osteoporosis
myeography
study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus
radiography
uses x-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints
arthroscopy
examining the interior of the joint with an arthroscope and a fiberoptic camera; a view of the joint interior appears on the monitor during the procedure
arthrocentesis
insertion of needle into joint cavity to remove fluid
orthotic
brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities
prosthesis
artificial device or substitute for a missing or damaged body part
amputation
removal of a limb
anterior cruciate ligament repair
surgical repair of partially or completely torn anterior cruciate ligament
arthroclasia
forcibly breaking loose a fused joint
arthrodesis
stabilizing joint by fusing bones together
arthroscopic surgery
performing surgery while using an arthroscope
arthrotomy
cutting into a joint
bone graft
harvesting bone from one location to replace a bony defect in another location
bunionectomy
removal of the bursa at base of great toe
bursectomy
removal of a bursa
chondrectomy
removal of catilage
condroplasty
repair of cartilage
craniotomy
cutting into the skull
laminectomy
removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve
meniscectomy
surgical removal of a meniscus
osteoclasia
intentional breaking of bone
osteotomy
cutting into a bone
percutaneous discectomy
tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out rupture
percutaneous vertebroplasty
surgical removal of herniated or ruptured disk material
spinal fusion
surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae
synovectomy
removal of synovial membrane
total hip arthroplasty (THA)
implanting a prosthetic hip joint
total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
implanting a prosthetic knee joint
fixation
stabilizes fracture while it heals
reduction
realigning bone fragments of the fracture
traction
applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment
bone reabsorption inhibitors
reduce the reabsorption of bone; treats osteoporosis and Paget’s disease
calcium supplements and vitamin D therapy
supplements that maintain bone density; treat osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets
corticosteroids
have strong anti-inflammatory properties; treat rheumatoid arthritis
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits; treat arthritis
C1, C2,etc.
first cervical vertebra, etc.
Ca
calcium
FX, Fx
fracture
LE
lower extremity
LLE
left lower extremity
LUE
left upper extremity
OA
osteoarthritis
Orth, ortho
orthopedics
P
phosphorus
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
ROM
range of motion
RUE
right upper extremity
SLE
systematic lupus erythematosus
T1, T2, etc.
first thoracic vertebra, etc.
THA
total hip arthroplasty
THR
total hip replacement
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
TKR
total knee replacement
UE
upper extremity
cleid/o
clavicle
duct/o
to bring
extens/o
to stretch out
fasci/o
fibrous band
fibr/o
fibers
flex/o
to bend
kinesi/o
movement
muscul/o
muscle
my/o
muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of foot
rotat/o
to revolve
ten/o
tendon
tend/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
vers/o
to turn
-asthenia
weakness
-ion
action, condition
-kinesia
movement
-tonia
tone
-trophic
pertaining to development
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
circum-
around
e-
outward
abduction
movement away from midline of body
adduction
movement toward midline of body
flexion
act of bending or being bent
extension
brings limb into a straight condition
dorsiflexion
backward bending foot
plantar flexion
bending sole of foot; pointing toes
eversion
turning outward
inversion
turning inward
pronation
turning palm downward
supination
turning palm upward
elevation
to raise
depression
to drop down
circumduction
act of leading in a circular direction from a central point as if drawing a large, imaginary circle
opposition
moving thumb away from palm; the ability to move the thumb into contact with the other fingers
rotation
act of revolving around a central axis
carp/o
wrist
electr/o
electricity
fasci/o
fibrous band
fibr/o
fibers
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-ar
pertaining to
-asthenia
weakness
-desis
to fuse
-dynia
pain
-gram
record
-graphy
process of recording
-itis
inflammation
-kinesia
movement
-logy
study of
-opsy
view of
-otomy
cutting into
-ous
pertaining to
-pathy
disease
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suture
-rrhexis
rupture
-tonia
tone
-trophic
pertaining to development
-trophy
development
a-
without
brady-
slow
dys-
abnormal, painful, difficult
epi-
above
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
insufficient
poly-
many
pseudo-
false
re-
again
ultra-
beyond
fascial
pertaining to fascia
fibrous
pertaining to fascia
muscular
pertaining to muscles
musculoskeletal
pertaining to muscles and skeleton
tendinous
pertaining to tendons
kinesiology
the science that studies movement, how it is produced, and the muscles involved
adhesion
scar tissue in the fascia
atonia
lack of muscle tone
atrophy
poor muscle development
bradykinesia
having slow movements
cronacture
abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or fascia
dyskinesia
having difficult or abnormal movements
dystonia
having abnormal muscle tone
hyperkinesia
having an excessive amount of movement
hypertonia
having excessive muscle tone
hypertrophy
increase in muscle bulk from use
hypokinesia
having insufficient amount of movement
hypotonia
having insufficient muscle tone
myalgia
muscle pain
myasthenia
muscle weakness
myotonia
muscle tone
spasm
sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
tenodynia
tendon pain
fibromyalgia
widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue
lateral epicondylitis
inflammation of elbow muscles
muscular dystrophy (MD)
inherited disease with progressive muscle atrophy
myopathy
general term for muscle disease
myorrhexis
tearing a muscle
necrotizing fasciitis (NF)
infection that results in death of the soft tissue
polymyositis
inflammation of two or more muscles
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
one type of inherited muscular dystrophy
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger tendons and median nerve as they pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
creatine kinase (CK)
blood test for the presence of muscle enzymes found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
muscle contraction in response to stretch
electromyogram
hardcopy record produced by EMG
electromyography (EMG)
study of strength and quality of muscle contraction in response to electrical stimulation
fasciotomy
surgically cutting into fascia
myoplasty
surgical repair of the muscle
myorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a muscle
tendoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
tendotomy
procedure to cut into a tendon
tenodesis
surgical stabilization of a joint by anchoring down tendons of muscles that move the joint
tenoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a tendon
CK
creatine kinase
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
EMG
electromyogram
IM
intramuscular
MD
muscular dystrophy
NF
necrotizing fasciitis
