Chapter 11: Endocrine System Flashcards
glands of the endocrine system secrete hormones important for
homeostasis
hormones regulate body activities, like
- metabolic rate
- water and mineral balance
- immune reactions
- sexual functioning
hormones are chemicals that act on target organs to
increase or decrease activity level
the endocrine organs are glands and include
- adrenal glands
- ovaries and testes
- pancreas
- parathyroid glands
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
- thymus gland
- thyroid gland
acr/o
extremities
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal glands
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
andr/o
male
calc/o
calcium
crin/o
to secrete
estr/o
female
gluc/o
glucose
glyc/o
sugar
gonad/o
sex glands
iod/o
iodine
kal/i
potassium
ket/o
ketones
mineral/o
minerals, electrolytes
natr/o
sodium
ovari/o
ovary
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituit/o
pituitary gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
radi/o
ray
somat/o
body
testicul/o
testes
thym/o
thymus
thyr/o
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
toxic/o
poison
-dipsia
thirst
-emic
pertaining to blood condition
-tropic
pertaining to stimulating
-tropin
to stimulate
the endocrine system is a collection of glands that secretes hormones into the
blood stream
two types of glands
exocrine and endocrine
exocrine glands release their secretions into
a duct
_________ transport exocrine glands
ducts
endocrine glands release their hormones directly into
the bloodstream
endocrine glands are referred to as
ductless glands
the _________ gland is an endocrine gland
thyroid
which gland has both endocrine and exocrine glands
the pancreas
the adrenal glands is composed of two sections
adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
the adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the gland that secretes
corticosteroids
___________ is a mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium and potassium
aldosterone
___________ is a glucocorticoid that regulates carbohydrates
cortisol
androgens are ___________ _____ ____________ that regulate secondary sex characteristics
steroid sex hormones
the adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine
epinephrine and norepinephrine increase
- bp
- heart rate
- respiration levels and help the body perform under stress
ovaries secrete reproductive cells known as
ova
ovaries secrete sex hormones known as
estrogen and progesterone
estrogen is responsible for
secondary sex characteristics and menstrual cycle regulation
progesterone helps maintain
a suitable uterine environment for pregnancy
the pancreas, as an exocrine gland, releases
digestive enzymes into the duodenum via a duct
the pancreas, as an endocrine gland, releases
insulin and glucose into the bloodstream
insulin stimulates
cells to take in glucose and lowers blood sugar levels
glucagon stimulates
the lover to release glucose and raises blood sugar levels
the parathyroid glands release
PTH
PTH regulates
blood calcium levels
when blood calcium falls too low, PTH
increases and stimulates the bone breakdown
the breakdown of bone releases
calcium into the blood
the pineal gland is part of the
thalamus region of the brain
the pineal gland secretes
melatonin
melatonin helps regulate the body’s
circadian rhythm
the pituitary gland is also called
the master gland because it regulates other endocrine glands
the pituitary gland is divided into
anterior and posterior portions
the anterior pituitary secretes
- growth hormone (GH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- prolactin (PRL)
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
growth hormone
stimulates cells to divide rapidly
thyroid-stimulating hormone
regulates thyroid function
adrenocorticotropic hormone
regulates adrenal cortex
prolactin
stimulates milk production following birth
follicle-stimulating hormone
responsible for sex cell development in both genders and estrogen secretion in females
luteinizing hormone
stimulates secretion of sex hormones in both genders and ova release in females
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
prompts melanocytes to produce more melanin
the posterior pituitary gland secretes
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone
promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery and release of milk after childbirth
the testes produce
sperm and testosterone
testosterone produces
male secondary sex characteristics and regulates sperm production
the thymus gland is part of both
the endocrine and immune systems
the thymus as an endocrine gland secretes
thymosin that aids in immune development
the thymus as an immune structure
essential to the development of newborn immunity
the thymus is present at birth and grows to its largest size during
puberty
after puberty, the thymus begins to
shrink and is replaced with connective and adipose tissue
the thyroid gland secretes
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
T4 and T3 regulates
energy and heat production to adjust metabolism
T4 and T3 are produced from the mineral
iodine
thyroid also secretes
calcitonin
calcitonin is a response to
high levels of blood calcium
calcitonin stimulates deposition of
bone and is the opposite of PTH
acr/o
extremities
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal gland
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
calc/o
calcium
carcin/o
cancer
chem/o
drug
cortic/o
outer layer
crin/o
to secrete
cyst/o
bladder, sac
cyt/o
cell
fibr/o
fibers
gluc/o
glucose
glyc/o
sugar
glycos/o
sugar
gynec/o
female
hem/o
blood
immun/o
protection
kal/i
potassium
ket/o
ketones
lapar/o
abdomen
lob/o
lobe
mast/o
breast
natr/o
sodium
neur/o
nerve
ophthalam/o
eye
or/o
mouth
oste/o
bone
ovari/o
ovary
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituit/o
pituitary gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
radi/o
radiation
retin/o
retina
testicul/o
testes
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o
thyroid gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
toxic/o
poison
-al
pertaining to
-an
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-dipsia
thirst
-ectomy
surgical removal
-edema
swelling
-emia
blood condition
-emic
pertaining to a blood condition
-globin
protein
-graphy
process of recording
-ia
condition
-ic
pertaining to
-ism
state of
-itis
inflammation
-logy
study of
-megaly
enlarged
-meter
instrument to measure
-oma
tumor
-osis
abnormal condition
-pathy
disease
-prandial
pertaining to a meal
-scopic
pertaining to visually examining
-tic
pertaining to
-uria
urine condition
anti-
against
endo-
within
ex-
outward
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
insufficient
pan-
all
poly-
many
post-
after
adrenal
pertaining to the adrenal glands
ovarian
pertaining to the ovary
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
parathyroidal
pertaining to the parathyroid glands
pineal
pertaining to the pineal gland
pituitary
pertaining to the pituitary gland
testicular
pertaining to the testes
thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
thyroidal
pertaining to the thyroid gland
adrenomegaly
enlarged adrenal glands
adrenopathy
general term for adrenal gland disease
edema
excessive fluid in body tissues
endocrinopathy
general term for disease involving the endocrine system
exophthalmos
protruding eyeballs; a sign of excessive thyroid hormone
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
gynecomastia
development of breast tissue in males
hirsutism
excessive amount of hair; a sign of hormone imbalance
hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in the blood; a sign of hypersecretion of PTH
hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in the blood
hypersecretion
excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
hypocalcemia
insufficient calcium in the blood; a sign of insufficient PTH
hypoglycemia
insufficient sugar in the blood
hyponatremia
insufficient sodium in the blood
hyposecretion
insufficient hormone production by the endocrine gland
obesity
having an abnormal amount of body fat
polydipsia
excessive feeling of thirst
polyuria
producing an excessive amount of urine
thyromegaly
enlarged thyroid gland
diabetes mellitus (DM)
a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1)
the pancreas stops insulin production
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2)
pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, and cells fail to respond
diabetes insipidus (DI)
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone
hyperpituitarism
hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones
hypopituitarism
hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones
panhypopituitarism
hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
thymoma
tumor in the thymus gland
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
graves disease
overactive thyroid
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor in a gland that produces hormones
blood serum test
measures blood levels of substances like calcium, glucose, and hormones
FBS
fasting blood sugar
GTT
glucose tolerance test
PBI
protein-bound iodine test
protein-bound iodine test (PBI)
measures T4 blood level
hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1C)
blood test estimates amount of glucose in bloodstream over the past 3 months
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
measures levels of hormones in blood using radioactively tagged hormones
TFT
thyroid function test
radioactive iodine uptake test (RIU, RAIU)
scanning equipment visualizes the thyroid gland after patient drinks a solution containing radioactive iodine
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
removal of the adrenal gland through a small abdominal incision using endoscopic instruments
lobectomy
removal of a lobe of a gland
parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands
pinealectomy
surgical removal of the pineal gland
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
thyroidectomy
surgical removal of the thyroid gland
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
BMR
basal metabolic rate
CT
calcitonin
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
HbA1c
hemoglobin A1c test
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
K+
potassium
LH
luteinizing hormone
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Na+
sodium
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NPH
neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
PBI
protein-bound iodine
PRL
prolactin
PTH
parathyroid hormone
RAI
radioactive iodine
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
RIA
radioimmunoassay
RIU
radioactive iodine uptake
T3
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
TFT
thyroid function test
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
