Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards
the nervous system ___________ and __________ body functions
coordinates and controls
the nervous system also receives
- sensory input
- makes decisions based on that input
- orders appropriate body responses
primary structures of the nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
alges/o
sense of pain
astr/o
star
centr/o
center
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
clon/o
rapid contracting and relaxing
concuss/o
to shake violently
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation, feeling
gli/o
glue
medull/o
medulla oblongata
mening/o
meninges
meningi/o
meninges
ment/o
mind
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
peripher/o
away from center
poli/o
gray matter
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath, meninges
tom/o
to cut
ton/o
tone
ventricul/o
ventricle
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-taxia
muscle coordination
the nervous system receives information from both __________ and _________ sensory receptors
external and internal
the nervous system uses the information from the sensory receptors to adjust the activity of
muscles and glands to match the body’s needs
the nervous system is divided into
CNS and PNS
the CNS consists of
the brain and spinal cord
___________ _____________ comes into the CNS for processing
sensory information
_________ ___________ exit the CNS with commands for muscles and glands
motor messages
the PNS consists of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
________ ________ carry messages into the CNS
sensory nerves
________ ________ carry commands away from the CNS
motor nerves
all parts of the nervous system are composed of
nervous tissue
there are two types of nervous cells
neurons and neuroglia
neurons have 3 basic parts
1- dendrites
2- cell body
3- axon
___________ are highly branched projections that receive impulses
dendrites
____________________ contains the nucleus and other organelles of the cell
nerve cell body
_________ is the projection from the cell body that conducts the impulse toward its destination
axon
the axon of one neuron meets a dendrite of the next neuron at the
synapse
a gap called the _________ _______ exists between the two neurons
synaptic cleft
a _____________ ________________ released by the axon carries impulses across
chemical neurotransmitter
some neuroglia produce fatty substance ________
myelin
myelin is
insulation for the axon
myelin allows the axon to
conduct impulses faster
neuroglia do not conduct
electrical impulses
the CNS is made of
gray and white matter
gray matter is
unsheathed cell bodies and dendrites
white matter is
myelinated nerve fibers
bundles of interconnecting nerve fibers form
tracts
__ meninges encase and protect the CNS
3
the ______ is one of the largest organs of the body
brain
the brain coordinates most
body activities
the brain is divided into four sections
1- cerebrum
2- cerebellum
3- diencephalon
4- brainstem
the ___________ is the largest section and the upper portion of the brain
cerebrum
the cerebrum processes
- thought
- judgement
- memory
- problem solving
- language
the outer layer is the __________ _______ and is made of folds of gray matter
cerebral cortex
elevated portions are called
gyri
fissures between gyri are called
sulci
the cerebrum is divided into
right and left hemispheres
each hemisphere of the cerebrum contains __ lobes
4
the lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal lobes
- parietal lobes
- occipital lobes
- temporal lobes
the frontal lobes are __________ and control
anterior
- motor function
- personality
- speech
the parietal lobes are __________ and interpret ________________ and ___________
superior; impulses and language
the occipital lobes are __________ and control
posterior and control vision
the temporal lobes are __________ and control ____________ and __________
lateral
- hearing and smell
the diencephalon contains the _______________ and _____________________
thalamus and hypothalamus
the thalamus is made of
gray matter
the thalamus relays impulses from the _______, _______, and _______ to the cerebrum
eyes, ears, and skin
the thalamus also controls ________ perception
pain
the hypothalamus is located _____________ to the thalamus
inferiorly
the hypothalamus controls
- temperature
- appetite
- sleep
- sexual desire
- emotion
the hypothalamus controls what 3 systems and what endocrine gland
- autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- cardiovascular system
- digestive system
- pituitary gland
the _____________ is the second-largest portion of the brain
cerebellum
the cerebellum is located
beneath the posterior part of the cerebrum
the cerebellum aids in coordinating
voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium
the cerebellum also refines ____________ __________ initiated in the cerebrum
muscle movements
the brainstem has 3 components
1- midbrain
2- pons
3- medulla oblongata
the __________ is a pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord
midbrain
the ______ connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
pons
the ____________ connects the brain to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
the medulla oblongata is the control center for
- respiration
- heart rate
- temperature
- blood pressure
the brainstem is the site where tracts cross from
one side of the brain to the other side of the body
there are __ interconnected ventricles in the brain
4
there is one ventricle in
- each hemisphere
- one in the thalamus
- one in front of the cerebellum
the ventricles contain a clear fluid called
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF provides
shock and motion protection to the brain and spinal cord
the spinal cord is the
pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain
the spinal cord is a column of nervous tissue extending from the ______________ to the
medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
the spinal cord is within the ___________ ________ in the ______ cavity
vertebral column in the spinal cavity
CSF flows down the center of the
spinal cord within the central canal
the inner portion of the spinal cord is made of ______ ________ and ____________ and is _____ matter
cell bodies and dendrites/ gray matter
the outer portion of the spinal cord is
myelinated white matter
ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry
sensory information up to the brain
descending tracts of the spinal cord carry
motor commands down from the brain to a peripheral nerve
the meninges are three layers of _____________ ________ membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
connective tissue
the tissue layers of meninges are separated by spaces
- dura mater (tough mother)
- subdural SPACE
- arachnoid mater (spiderlike)
- subarachnoid SPACE
- pia mater (soft mother)
the _____________ is the tough, fibrous outermost sac
dura mater
the _____________ is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
subdural space
the _______________ is delicate and attached to the pia mater by filaments
arachnoid layer
the _______________ is between the arachnoid layer and pia mater
subarachnoid space
the ____________ is applied directly to the brain and spinal cord surface
pia mater
the PNS includes __ pairs of cranial nerves
12
the PNS includes __ pairs of spinal nerves
31
__________ nerves arise from the brain, typically the medulla oblongata
cranial
_______ nerves spilt off of the spinal cord, with one pair of nerves between each pair of vertebrae
spinal
the point where a nerve is attached to the CNS is the
nerve root
most nerves carry information to and from the CNS, but individual neurons carry information in
only one direction
___________ neurons carry information from a receptor to the CNS
afferent
__________ neurons carry information from the CNS to muscles or glands
efferent
nerve cell bodies of neurons are grouped in a knot-like _____________ outside of the CNS
ganglion
the PNS is subdivided into the
ANS and somatic nerves
the ANS controls ____________ or unconscious body functions
involuntary
the ANS increases and decreases activity of
cardiac muscle in the heart
the ANS affects _________ _________ function in the viscera and vessels
smooth muscle
the ANS influences activity of the
glands
the ANS is divided into the
sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
the sympathetic branch controls the
fight-or-flight reaction
the sympathetic branch
- active during stress
- increases bp
- inhibits digestion
- stimulates the production of adrenaline
the parasympathetic branch controls the
rest-and-digest function
the parasympathetic branch
- causes heart rate to slow
- lowers bp
- stimulates the return of digestion
the somatic nerves serve the
skin and skeletal muscles
the somatic nerves are mainly involved with __________ and _____________ activities of the body
conscious and voluntary
the sensory receptors of the dermis use somatic nerves to send information about ______, ___________, __________, and _________ to the brain
- touch
- temperature
- pressure
- pain
the somatic nerves also carry ________ ___________ to skeletal muscles
motor commands
alges/o
sense of pain
angi/o
vessel
arteri/o
artery
astr/o
star
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
clon/o
rapid contracting and relaxing
concuss/o
to shake violently
crani/o
skull
cutane/o
skin
cyt/o
cell
dur/o
dura mater
electr/o
electricity
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation, feeling
gli/o
glue
hal/o
to breathe
hemat/o
blood
hydr/o
water
isch/o
to hold back
later/o
side
lumb/o
low back
medull/o
medulla oblongata
mening/o
meninges
meningi/o
meninges
ment/o
mind
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
poli/o
gray matter
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
scler/o
hard
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath
tom/o
to cut
ton/o
tone
topic/o
a specific area
vascul/o
blood vessel
ven/o
vein
ventricul/o
ventricle
vertebr/o
vertebra
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-ar
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-asthenia
weakness
-cele
protrusion
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
surgical removal
-emic
pertaining to a blood condition
-gram
record
-graphy
process of recording
-ia
condition
-ic
pertaining to
-ical
pertaining to
-ine
pertaining to
-ion
action
-itis
inflammation
-logy
study of
-nic
pertaining to
-oma
tumor, mass
-osis
abnormal condition
-otomy
cutting into
-ous
pertaining to
-paresis
weakness
-pathy
disease
-phasia
speech
-plasty
surgical repair
-plegia
paralysis
-rrhaphy
suture
-taxia
muscle coordination
-tic
pertaining to
-trophic
pertaining to development
a-
without
an-
without
anti-
against
bi-
two
de-
without
dys-
abnormal, difficult
endo-
within
epi-
above
hemi-
half
hyper-
excessive
in-
inward
intra-
within
mono-
one
para-
abnormal, two like parts of a pair
poly-
many
quadri-
four
semi-
partial
sub-
under
trans-
across
tri-
three
ultra-
beyond
un-
not
cephalic
pertaining to the head
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebrospinal
pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
cranial
pertaining to the skull
encephalic
pertaining to the brain
intracranial
pertaining to within the skull
intrathecal
pertaining to inside the meninges
medullary
pertaining to the medulla oblongata
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
myelonic
pertaining to the spinal cord
neural
pertaining to the nerves
neurological
pertaining to the glial cells
pontine
pertaining to the pons
spinal
pertaining to the spine
subdural
pertaining to under the dura mater
thalamic
pertaining to the thalamus
ventricular
pertaining to the ventricles
vertebral
pertaining to the vertebrae
ANS =
visceral motor
dementia
progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with activities of daily living
convulsion
severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower portion of the body
paresthesia
abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling
cerebral palsy (CP)
brain damage resulting from the defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
monoparesis
muscle weakness in one arm
SBS
shaken baby syndrome
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
temporary interference with blood supply to brain
SCI
spinal cord injury
multiple sclerosis (MS)
inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves
shingles
eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
examination of the CSF
meningocele
protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral column
myelomeningocele
protrusion of the meninges and the spinal cord through an opening in the vertebral column
