Chapter 12: Nervous System Flashcards
the nervous system ___________ and __________ body functions
coordinates and controls
the nervous system also receives
- sensory input
- makes decisions based on that input
- orders appropriate body responses
primary structures of the nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
alges/o
sense of pain
astr/o
star
centr/o
center
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
clon/o
rapid contracting and relaxing
concuss/o
to shake violently
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation, feeling
gli/o
glue
medull/o
medulla oblongata
mening/o
meninges
meningi/o
meninges
ment/o
mind
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
peripher/o
away from center
poli/o
gray matter
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath, meninges
tom/o
to cut
ton/o
tone
ventricul/o
ventricle
-paresis
weakness
-phasia
speech
-taxia
muscle coordination
the nervous system receives information from both __________ and _________ sensory receptors
external and internal
the nervous system uses the information from the sensory receptors to adjust the activity of
muscles and glands to match the body’s needs
the nervous system is divided into
CNS and PNS
the CNS consists of
the brain and spinal cord
___________ _____________ comes into the CNS for processing
sensory information
_________ ___________ exit the CNS with commands for muscles and glands
motor messages
the PNS consists of
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
________ ________ carry messages into the CNS
sensory nerves
________ ________ carry commands away from the CNS
motor nerves
all parts of the nervous system are composed of
nervous tissue
there are two types of nervous cells
neurons and neuroglia
neurons have 3 basic parts
1- dendrites
2- cell body
3- axon
___________ are highly branched projections that receive impulses
dendrites
____________________ contains the nucleus and other organelles of the cell
nerve cell body
_________ is the projection from the cell body that conducts the impulse toward its destination
axon
the axon of one neuron meets a dendrite of the next neuron at the
synapse
a gap called the _________ _______ exists between the two neurons
synaptic cleft
a _____________ ________________ released by the axon carries impulses across
chemical neurotransmitter
some neuroglia produce fatty substance ________
myelin
myelin is
insulation for the axon
myelin allows the axon to
conduct impulses faster
neuroglia do not conduct
electrical impulses
the CNS is made of
gray and white matter
gray matter is
unsheathed cell bodies and dendrites
white matter is
myelinated nerve fibers
bundles of interconnecting nerve fibers form
tracts
__ meninges encase and protect the CNS
3
the ______ is one of the largest organs of the body
brain
the brain coordinates most
body activities
the brain is divided into four sections
1- cerebrum
2- cerebellum
3- diencephalon
4- brainstem
the ___________ is the largest section and the upper portion of the brain
cerebrum
the cerebrum processes
- thought
- judgement
- memory
- problem solving
- language
the outer layer is the __________ _______ and is made of folds of gray matter
cerebral cortex
elevated portions are called
gyri
fissures between gyri are called
sulci
the cerebrum is divided into
right and left hemispheres
each hemisphere of the cerebrum contains __ lobes
4
the lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal lobes
- parietal lobes
- occipital lobes
- temporal lobes
the frontal lobes are __________ and control
anterior
- motor function
- personality
- speech
the parietal lobes are __________ and interpret ________________ and ___________
superior; impulses and language
the occipital lobes are __________ and control
posterior and control vision
the temporal lobes are __________ and control ____________ and __________
lateral
- hearing and smell
the diencephalon contains the _______________ and _____________________
thalamus and hypothalamus
the thalamus is made of
gray matter
the thalamus relays impulses from the _______, _______, and _______ to the cerebrum
eyes, ears, and skin
the thalamus also controls ________ perception
pain
the hypothalamus is located _____________ to the thalamus
inferiorly
the hypothalamus controls
- temperature
- appetite
- sleep
- sexual desire
- emotion
the hypothalamus controls what 3 systems and what endocrine gland
- autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- cardiovascular system
- digestive system
- pituitary gland
the _____________ is the second-largest portion of the brain
cerebellum
the cerebellum is located
beneath the posterior part of the cerebrum
the cerebellum aids in coordinating
voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium
the cerebellum also refines ____________ __________ initiated in the cerebrum
muscle movements
the brainstem has 3 components
1- midbrain
2- pons
3- medulla oblongata
the __________ is a pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord
midbrain
the ______ connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
pons
the ____________ connects the brain to the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
the medulla oblongata is the control center for
- respiration
- heart rate
- temperature
- blood pressure
the brainstem is the site where tracts cross from
one side of the brain to the other side of the body
there are __ interconnected ventricles in the brain
4
there is one ventricle in
- each hemisphere
- one in the thalamus
- one in front of the cerebellum
the ventricles contain a clear fluid called
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF provides
shock and motion protection to the brain and spinal cord
the spinal cord is the
pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain
the spinal cord is a column of nervous tissue extending from the ______________ to the
medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
the spinal cord is within the ___________ ________ in the ______ cavity
vertebral column in the spinal cavity
CSF flows down the center of the
spinal cord within the central canal
the inner portion of the spinal cord is made of ______ ________ and ____________ and is _____ matter
cell bodies and dendrites/ gray matter
the outer portion of the spinal cord is
myelinated white matter
ascending tracts of the spinal cord carry
sensory information up to the brain
descending tracts of the spinal cord carry
motor commands down from the brain to a peripheral nerve
the meninges are three layers of _____________ ________ membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
connective tissue
the tissue layers of meninges are separated by spaces
- dura mater (tough mother)
- subdural SPACE
- arachnoid mater (spiderlike)
- subarachnoid SPACE
- pia mater (soft mother)
the _____________ is the tough, fibrous outermost sac
dura mater
