chapter 9 - shaping Flashcards
shaping is the ___________________ of ___________________ of a _________________ until the person exhibits the ___________________
differential reinforcement
successive approximations
target behaviour
target behaviour
differential reinforcement involves basic principles of ______________ and _______________
reinforcement and extinction
differential reinforcement occurs when:
what happens as a result?
one particular behaviour is reinforced and all other behaviours are not reinforced in a particular situation
as a result, the reinforced behaviour increases and the behaviours that are not reinforced decrease through extinction
shaping steps are called:
successive approximations
shaping can be used to… (3)
- generate a novel behaviour
- reinstate a previously exhibited behaviour
- change some dimension of an existing behaviour
How to use shaping (7 steps)
- define target behaviour
- determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure
- identify the starting behaviour
- choose the shaping steps
- choose the reinforcer
- differentially reinforce each successive approximation
- move through the shaping steps at a proper pace
for shaping, whats important about picking the starting behaviour
they must already engage in it occasionally
must be relevant to the target behaviour
what are some key aspects of choosing the shaping steps?
- they must master each step before moving on
- each step must be closer approximation to the Tx
- steps can’t be too small or too large
- small: progress will be too slow
- large: progress could stall
during shaping, what’s important about choosing and giving the reinforcer
- must be delivered immediately contingent on appropriate Bx
- avoid satiation (amount of reinforcer is important)
during shaping, what are the steps to differentially reinforcing each successive approximation
- reinforce starting Bx until it occurs reliably
- then start reinforcing next approximation
- NO LONGER reinforce the previous approximation
- repeat
why is it important to move through the shaping steps at a proper pace?
- reinforcing an approximation too many times may make it difficult to move forward. they may continue to engage in previous approximation
BUT ALSO
- if they dont master the approximation, it may be impossible or difficult to progress
what’s something that could go wrong with shaping, something you may be unaware of
you may unintentionally shape a problem behaviour with shaping
- successive approximations of an undesired Bx get reinforced
whats something that can help avoid satiation while delivering a reinforcer?
tokens or praise
shaping involves reinforcement only (T or F)
false. shaping involves reinforcement AND extinction
shaping involves differential reinforcement of _________________ of a target Bx
successive approximations
in shaping, the first Bx chosen for reinforcement is called the ______________
starting Bx
what 2 behavioural principles are involved in differential reinforcement?
reinforcement and extinction
what conditioned reinforcer might a trainer utilize when using shaping to get a dolphin to do tricks?
a clicker
it is important to use a __________ reinforcer to be able to deliver the reinforcer immediately after the desired Bx during shaping
conditioned
shaping can be used for 3 different outcomes
1. generate a __________ Bx
2. reinstate a ___________ Bx
3. change some ___________ of an existing Bx
novel
previously exhibited
dimension/aspect
you would not need to use shaping when __________ could be used to get the person to engage in the target Bx
prompting, modeling, instructions
mikey shares his toys only occasionally when he is playing with his friends. you want him to share more often. is shaping a necessary procedure to use?
no. you can just reinforce the Bx since its already occurring
shaping involves ____________ of successive approximations of a target Bx
differential reinforcement
the steps in a shaping procedure are called
successive approximations
name three shaping steps that are reinforced when teaching a young child to talk:
making sounds / babbling
saying “da” , “ma”
saying part words
saying whole words
it is important to use a CR during shaping for 2 reasons:
so the reinforcer can be delivered immediately after the Bx
so that the reinforcer does not lose its effectiveness through satiation
if you were using shaping to get a rat to press a lever, pressing the lever would be called the
target Bx
