chapter 6 - punishment

Question 1

punishment:
1. occurrence of a _________
2. followed by an immediate ___________
3. behaviour is _______ likely to occur in future

Answer 1

behaviour

consequence

less (weakened)

Question 2

a ________ is a consequence that follows a Bx and makes the Bx less likely to occur in the future

Answer 2

punisher

Question 3

in positive punishment, a stimulus is ______________ following behaviour

Answer 3

added

Question 4

a child sticks their finger in an electrical socket and gets shocked. as a result, the child never sticks their finger in a socket again. this is an example of ____________ punishment

Answer 4

positive

Question 5

negative punishment involves ______________ a reinforcer when the Bx occurs

extinction involves ____________ the reinforcer for the Bx when the Bx occurs

Answer 5

removing

withholding

Question 6

____________ is considered a generalized conditioned punisher

Answer 6

“no”

Question 7

a(n) ______________ is an event or condition that makes a consequence more effective as a punisher

Answer 7

EO

Question 8

provide an example of a common conditioned punisher

Answer 8

speeding tickets, warning from authority, look of disapproval

Question 9

provide an example of an unconditioned punisher

Answer 9

pain, extreme levels of stimulation

Question 10

time-out from positive reinforcement and response cost are examples of _________ punishment

Answer 10

negative

Question 11

in negative punishment, a stimulus is ___________ followed the Bx

Answer 11

removed

Question 12

positive punishment is:

the occurrence of a _____________
followed by the _________ of a(n) ______________
as a result, behaviour is ________ likely to occur in the future

Answer 12

behaviour

addition of an aversive stimulus

less

Question 13

negative punishment is:

the occurrence of a _____________
followed by the _________ of a(n) ______________
as a result, behaviour is ________ likely to occur in the future

Answer 13

behaviour

removal of a reinforcing stimulus

less

Question 14

a child holds a baseball card out the window as they are riding in a car, and the card flies away. as a result, they never hold a baseball card out of the window again. this is an example of ______________ punishment

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

_____________ involves withholding the reinforcer for the Bx when the Bx occurs, and ______________ involves removing a reinforcer when the Bx occurs

Answer 15

extinction

negative punishment

Question 16

when a stimulus is paired with a punisher, it becomes a(n) _______________ punisher

Answer 16

conditioned

Question 17

painful stimuli or extreme levels of stimulation are _____________ punishers

Answer 17

unconditioned

Question 18

people who experience or observe punishment are ______________ likely to use punishment themselves

Answer 18

more

Question 19

the use of punishment is ___________ reinforcing to the person implementing it

Answer 19

negatively

Question 20

identify the five problems associated with the use of punishment

Answer 20

1. may produce aggression or other emotional side effects
2. can be negatively reinforcing for the person using punishment -> may result in overuse of punishment
3. may result in escape or avoidance Bx’s by the person whose Bx is punished
4. its use is modeled and observers or ppl whose Bx is punished may be more likely to use punishment themselves in the future
5. it’s associated with many ethical issues and issues of acceptability

Question 21

punishment is a process that __________ Bx, and reinforcement is a process that ___________ Bx

Answer 21

weakens

strengthens

Question 22

factors that influence punishment

Answer 22

1. immediacy
2. contingency
3. individual difs
4. magnitude or amount
5. MOs

Question 23

motivating operations alter the ___________ of a punisher

Answer 23

potency

Question 24

EOs
- make a punisher _________ effective
- ________ likely to inhibit behaviour

AOs
- makes punisher _______ effective
- ______ likely to inhibit behaviour

Answer 24

more

less

Question 25

example: label and explain the EO/AO, Bx and S^P - tired - late for work - coworkers drink all the available coffee early on

Answer 25

EO Bx S^P (more effective punisher because you are tired and want coffee)

Question 26

example: label and explain the EO/AO, Bx and S^P - full from snacks - late to restaurant (Bx) - forced to wait 2 hours to eat dinner (S^P)

Answer 26

AO Bx S^P (less effective punisher because you are full from snacks)