chapter 2 - observing and recording bhvr

Question 1

compare and contrast the underlying mechanisms of mentalism and behaviourism

Answer 1

mentalism:
- focus on past
- hypothetical construct
- explanatory fiction

behaviourism:
- focus on current variables
- reinforcement
- shaping

Question 2

what is a target behaviour

Answer 2

the behaviour to change

Question 3

what is indirect assessment

Answer 3

does not occur while the target behaviour occurs.

relies on interviews, questionnaires, rating scales, product measures

Question 4

what is direct assessment

Answer 4

direct observation and recording of target behaviour as it occurs

Question 5

purposes of behavioural assessment

Answer 5

1. decide if a problem exists and if treatment is even necessary
2. decide on best treatment
3. measure treatment effects
   - recording may be treatment (reactivity)

Question 6

what are the 4 steps to developing a behaviour recording plan (+2 more)

Answer 6

1. define the target behaviour
2. identify who, when, and where to record
3. choose a recording method
4. choose a recording instrument
5. consider reactivity of recording
6. interobserver agreement assessment

Question 7

what is interobserver agreement

Answer 7

when two ppl independently record smth and check if they got same results

Question 8

what are some key points to defining the target behaviour

Answer 8

operational
- describe what the person does and says
- use active verbs
- no inference about internal states or motivation

evaluate effectiveness

measurable
- count times it occurs or seconds of engagement

Question 9

what are 4 recording methods

Answer 9

1. continuous recording
   - real-time recording
   - percentage of opportunities
2. product recording
3. interval recording
   - whole
   - partial
   - frequency-within
4. time sample recording
   - momentary

Question 10

what are permanent products

Answer 10

effects behaviour produced on environment

eg
- pick up litter
- words spelled correctly
- made bed

Question 11

what is whole-interval recording

Answer 11

• behaviour must occur throughout the entire interval to be counted
• isn’t that useful or accurate
• tends to UNDERSTIMATE behaviour
• smaller intervals are better

Question 12

partial-interval recording

Answer 12

• record if behaviour occurs at any time during an interval
• tends to overestimate behaviour

Question 13

momentary time sampling

Answer 13

• record if it occurs at moment each interval ends
• surprisingly accurate

Question 14

what is reactivity

Answer 14

recording a behaviour has an effect on the behaviour

Question 15

how do you minimize reactivity

Answer 15

wait until person being observed becomes accustomed to the observer (or to self-monitoring)

record surreptitiously through observation windows or with participant observers

Question 16

what are some details about interobserver agreement

Question 17

there are 2 types of behavioural assessment:

Answer 17

direct and indirect

Question 18

the first step in developing a behaviour recording plan is to define the ___________ you want to record

Answer 18

target behaviour

Question 19

a(n) __________ includes active verbs that describe the specific behaviours a person exhibits

Answer 19

behavioural definition

Question 20

when 2 ppl independently observe and record the same behaviour, and calculate their recordings were in agreement, this is called __________

Answer 20

interobserver agreement

Question 21

the _________ is the specific period in which the observer records the target behaviour

Answer 21

observation period

Question 22

Jerron recorded the number of times they used the word “fuck” each day. what dimension of behaviour was Jerron recording?

Answer 22

frequency

Question 23

Kiki recorded how many minutes she ran each day. what dimension of behaviour was Kiki recording?

Answer 23

duration

Question 24

The supervisor recorded how long it took for the technician to identify a plane after it appeared on the screen. what dimension of behaviour was the supervisor recording?

Answer 24

latency

Question 25

in interval recording*, the occurrence of the behaviour is scored in ___________ intervals of time. *time sample recording?

Answer 25

consecutive nonconsecutive - you observe/record the behaviour during only part of each interval

Question 26

_______ is when the process of recording a behaviour causes the behaviour to change

Answer 26

reactivity

Question 27

_______ assessment involves recording the target behaviour as it occurs ________ assessment involves the use of interviews or questionnaires to gather info

Answer 27

direct indirect

Question 28

recording the behaviour in brief observation intervals each separated by longer periods is called ________ recording

Answer 28

time sample recording

Question 29

recording the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behaviour is called __________ recording

Answer 29

real-time

Question 30

Verlin's watch beeped every 1- min, and he recorded whether his son was playing appropriately at the time the watch beeped. This is an example of __________ recording

Answer 30

momentary time sample

Question 31

Adib's watch beeped every 10 min, and he recorded whether he had picked his nose at any time during the 10 min since the last beep. This is an example of _________ recording

Answer 31

whole interval

Question 32

Kwang-Sun looked at their worksheets to record the number of math problems her students completed in a 20-min period. This is an example of ___________ recording.

Answer 32

product recording

Question 33

why is it important to record the behaviour you are trying to change when using behaviour modifcation?

Answer 33

helps you determine whether behaviour changed after the treatment was implemented

Question 34

what is a behavioural definition? how does it differ from a label?

Answer 34

- it describes what the person does or says. - includes active verbs describing specific behaviours - objective and unambiguous labels - are ambiguous. they can mean different things to different people. - can be used incorrectly

Question 35

why is it important to identify who will record the behaviour?

Answer 35

- they must have proximity to the client - they must be trained to identify the occurrence of the target behaviour - they must have the time to observe and record (eg a teacher has too many other demands)

Question 36

what is frequency-within-interval recording?

Answer 36

the observer records the frequency of the target behaviour but does so within consecutive intervals of time. - its a continuous recording method that happens to occur within consecutive intervals

Question 37

examples of 3 different recording instruments

Answer 37

- stopwatch - golf stroke counter - phone/laptop - transfer coin from one pocket to the other

Question 38

recording must be __________ and ____________

Answer 38

immediate - sooner = more accurate - may forget entirely practical - little difficulty or disruption

Question 39

2 ways to reduce reactivity

Answer 39

1. they get used to being observed 2. video recording

Question 40

what are the standards for IOA (3) percentage of sessions? percentage of agreement?

Answer 40

- assess across each condition and phase - collect min 20% of sessions (ideal min 33%) - agreement 80% or greater (ideal > 90%)