chapter 2 - observing and recording bhvr Flashcards
compare and contrast the underlying mechanisms of mentalism and behaviourism
mentalism:
- focus on past
- hypothetical construct
- explanatory fiction
behaviourism:
- focus on current variables
- reinforcement
- shaping
what is a target behaviour
the behaviour to change
what is indirect assessment
does not occur while the target behaviour occurs.
relies on interviews, questionnaires, rating scales, product measures
what is direct assessment
direct observation and recording of target behaviour as it occurs
purposes of behavioural assessment
- decide if a problem exists and if treatment is even necessary
- decide on best treatment
- measure treatment effects
- recording may be treatment (reactivity)
what are the 4 steps to developing a behaviour recording plan (+2 more)
- define the target behaviour
- identify who, when, and where to record
- choose a recording method
- choose a recording instrument
- consider reactivity of recording
- interobserver agreement assessment
what is interobserver agreement
when two ppl independently record smth and check if they got same results
what are some key points to defining the target behaviour
operational
- describe what the person does and says
- use active verbs
- no inference about internal states or motivation
evaluate effectiveness
measurable
- count times it occurs or seconds of engagement
what are 4 recording methods
- continuous recording
- real-time recording
- percentage of opportunities - product recording
- interval recording
- whole
- partial
- frequency-within - time sample recording
- momentary
what are permanent products
effects behaviour produced on environment
eg
- pick up litter
- words spelled correctly
- made bed
what is whole-interval recording
- behaviour must occur throughout the entire interval to be counted
- isn’t that useful or accurate
- tends to UNDERSTIMATE behaviour
- smaller intervals are better
partial-interval recording
- record if behaviour occurs at any time during an interval
- tends to overestimate behaviour
momentary time sampling
- record if it occurs at moment each interval ends
- surprisingly accurate
what is reactivity
recording a behaviour has an effect on the behaviour
how do you minimize reactivity
wait until person being observed becomes accustomed to the observer (or to self-monitoring)
record surreptitiously through observation windows or with participant observers
what are some details about interobserver agreement
there are 2 types of behavioural assessment:
direct and indirect
the first step in developing a behaviour recording plan is to define the ___________ you want to record
target behaviour
a(n) __________ includes active verbs that describe the specific behaviours a person exhibits
behavioural definition
when 2 ppl independently observe and record the same behaviour, and calculate their recordings were in agreement, this is called __________
interobserver agreement
the _________ is the specific period in which the observer records the target behaviour
observation period
Jerron recorded the number of times they used the word “fuck” each day. what dimension of behaviour was Jerron recording?
frequency
Kiki recorded how many minutes she ran each day. what dimension of behaviour was Kiki recording?
duration
The supervisor recorded how long it took for the technician to identify a plane after it appeared on the screen. what dimension of behaviour was the supervisor recording?
latency
in interval recording*, the occurrence of the behaviour is scored in ___________ intervals of time.
*time sample recording?
consecutive
nonconsecutive
- you observe/record the behaviour during only part of each interval
_______ is when the process of recording a behaviour causes the behaviour to change
reactivity
_______ assessment involves recording the target behaviour as it occurs
________ assessment involves the use of interviews or questionnaires to gather info
direct
indirect
recording the behaviour in brief observation intervals each separated by longer periods is called ________ recording
time sample recording
recording the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behaviour is called __________ recording
real-time
Verlin’s watch beeped every 1- min, and he recorded whether his son was playing appropriately at the time the watch beeped. This is an example of __________ recording
momentary time sample
Adib’s watch beeped every 10 min, and he recorded whether he had picked his nose at any time during the 10 min since the last beep. This is an example of _________ recording
whole interval
Kwang-Sun looked at their worksheets to record the number of math problems her students completed in a 20-min period. This is an example of ___________ recording.
product recording
why is it important to record the behaviour you are trying to change when using behaviour modifcation?
helps you determine whether behaviour changed after the treatment was implemented
what is a behavioural definition?
how does it differ from a label?
- it describes what the person does or says.
- includes active verbs describing specific behaviours
- objective and unambiguous
labels
- are ambiguous. they can mean different things to different people.
- can be used incorrectly
why is it important to identify who will record the behaviour?
- they must have proximity to the client
- they must be trained to identify the occurrence of the target behaviour
- they must have the time to observe and record (eg a teacher has too many other demands)
what is frequency-within-interval recording?
the observer records the frequency of the target behaviour but does so within consecutive intervals of time.
- its a continuous recording method that happens to occur within consecutive intervals
examples of 3 different recording instruments
- stopwatch
- golf stroke counter
- phone/laptop
- transfer coin from one pocket to the other
recording must be __________ and ____________
immediate
- sooner = more accurate
- may forget entirely
practical
- little difficulty or disruption
2 ways to reduce reactivity
- they get used to being observed
- video recording
what are the standards for IOA (3)
percentage of sessions?
percentage of agreement?
- assess across each condition and phase
- collect min 20% of sessions (ideal min 33%)
- agreement 80% or greater (ideal > 90%)
