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psyc > chapter 4 - reinforcement > Flashcards

chapter 4 - reinforcement Flashcards

1
Q

define reinforcement (3)

A
  1. occurrence of a behaviour
  2. followed by an immediate CONSEQUENCE
  3. behaviour is MORE likely to occur in the future
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2
Q

how does positive reinforcement differ from negative reinforcement

A

positive: occurrence of behaviour is followed by the ADDITION of a stimulus (or event)

negative: occurrence of behaviour is followed by the REMOVAL (or AVOIDANCE) of an aversive stimulus

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3
Q

What are two types of negative reinforcement

A

escape: behaviour terminates aversive stimulus (already present)

avoidance: behaviour PREVENTS the occurrence of an aversive stimulus

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4
Q

socially-mediated reinforcement is through…

A

actions of someone else

eg asking someone to get the chips for you

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5
Q

automatic reinforcement is through…

A

direct contact with the environment

eg. getting up and grabbing the bag of chips yourself

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6
Q

what are unconditioned reinforcers?

A
  • biologically determined
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7
Q

give examples of primary reinforcers (what’s the other name for it)

A

unconditioned reinforcers:
food, water, sex, heat, escape from extreme stimulation

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8
Q

what are conditioned reinforcers?

A
  • neutral stimulus paired with established reinforcer
  • the established reinforcer could be conditioned or unconditioned
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9
Q

what are some examples of secondary reinforcers (whats the other name?)

A

conditioned reinforcers:
- sight, sound, scent from family
- attention, praise
- types of toys, tv shows, clothes
- grades, accomplishments
- money

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10
Q

what are generalized conditioned reinforcers? examples?

A
  • they are paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers
  • eg: money, praise, tokens
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11
Q

what are the factors that influence reinforcement? (5)

A
  1. immediacy
  2. contingency
  3. individual differences
  4. magnitude (or amount)
  5. motivating operations
    - establishing operations (EO)
    - abolishing operations (AO)
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12
Q

what are some schedules of reinforcement?

A

continuous (crf)
intermittent
fixed ratio / variable ratio
fixed interval / variable interval
concurrent schedules

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13
Q

what is a continuous reinforcement schedule (crf)

A

every occurrence of a response is reinforced

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14
Q

what is an intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

some occurrences of a response are reinforced

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15
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule? what are some effects of it

A

reinforcer given after specific number of responses

  • produces high rates of responding
  • PAUSE after reinforcement

eg: Pablo gets a token from his supervisor after every 20 parts that he packages

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16
Q

what is a variable ratio schedule? what are some effects of it

A

reinforcer delivered after an average number of responses

  • produces high and steady rates of responding
  • no pause after reinforcement

eg slot machine will hit the jackpot after an avg of x amount of attempts

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17
Q

what is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement? effects?

A

reinforcer for FIRST RESPONSE after a given amount of time

  • produces low rates of responding, with on-off pattern
  • response rates increase near end of interval

eg. every 30 minutes Pablo’s supervisor comes around and gives him a token for the first part Pablo packages

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18
Q

what is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

A

reinforcer for FIRST RESPONSE after an average interval of time

  • produces steady, low-moderate rates of responding
  • no on/off pattern
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19
Q

a ______ behaviour is strengthened through the process of reinforcement

A

operant

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20
Q

right after a person has had a large amount of a reinforcer, will the reinforcer be more or less potent at that time?

A

less

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21
Q

a _____ reinforcer became established as a reinforcer by being paired with another reinforcer

A

conditioned

22
Q

all of the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a person’s behaviours at one time are called

A

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

23
Q

a number of different behaviours or response options are concurrently available for a person. these response options are called

A

concurrent operants

24
Q

identify the following schedules of reinforcement (CRF, FR, VR, FI, VI)

  1. the reinforcer is delivered for the first response after x amount of time
  2. the reinforcer is delivered after every response
  3. the reinforcer is delivered after an average of x response
A
  1. fixed interval
  2. crf - continuous
  3. vr - variable ratio
25
Q

a consequence that strengthens operant behaviour is a(n) ______________

A

reinforcer

26
Q

when Todd gets bitten by bugs, he puts medication on the bites that relieves the itching. as a result, he is more likely to put medication on his bug bites.

this is an example of _____________ reinforcement

A

negative

27
Q

when Frida punches her brother, she gets scolded by her parents. as a result she is more likely to punch her brother

this is an example of ____________ reinforcement

A

positive (attention)

28
Q

the stimulus that is removed after the behaviour in negative reinforcement is called a(n) ____________ stimulus

A

aversive

29
Q

identify the following schedules of reinforcement (CRF, FR, VR, FI, VI)

  1. a reinforcer is delivered after x responses
  2. a reinforcer is delivered for the first response after an average of x amount of time
A
  1. fixed ratio
  2. variable interval
30
Q

what is the schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is Not delivered after every response? what if it is?

A

intermittent reinforcement schedule

continuous (crf)

31
Q

deprivation makes a reinforcer _______ potent

A

more

32
Q

satiation makes a reinforcer _______ potent

A

less

33
Q

in what way are positive and negative reinforcement alike?

A

both occur after a behaviour.
both increase/strengthen the behaviour

34
Q

a type of positive reinforcement where a high-probability (preferred) behaviour is a consequence for performing a low-probability behaviour -> increasing the low-probability behaviour

A

Premack principle

eg. do homework before play video games

35
Q

Shae checks her email periodically. email messages come at unpredictable intervals. shae’s behaviour of checking her email is reinforced on what schedule?

A

intermittent reinforcement schedule

36
Q

Bob is a telemarketer and makes phone calls in an attempt to sell product. He never knows when someone will agree to buy but must make anavg of 13 calls to achieve a sale. his behaviour of making calls is reinforced on what schedule?

A

variable ratio

37
Q

what is an operant behaviour?

A

a behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement

38
Q

define positive reinforcement (and negative)

A

the occurrence of a behaviour
is followed by the addition of a positive reinforce
and the behaviour is more likely to occur in the future

same thing but the behaviour is followed by the removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus

39
Q

what is an aversive stimulus?

A

smth unpleasant, painful or annoying that a person wants to get away from

eg. kid yelling annoying to the parent

40
Q

what is meant by contiguity between a response and a reinforcer?

A

how immediate a consequence/reinforcer is given

longer delay between response and consequence = less effective

41
Q

what is a reinforcement contingency?

A

consistency

a behaviour is strengthened when a reinforcer is contingent on the behaviour (when it only occurs if the behaviour occurs)

42
Q

what is an establishing operation (EO)

examples?

A

a motivating operation (MO) that makes a reinforcer more potent (it establishes the effectiveness of a reinforcer)

  • deprivation
  • not eating for a while is an EO that makes food MORE reinforcing at that time and makes the behaviour of getting food MORE likely to occur
43
Q

what are two effects of MOs?

A
  1. they alter the value of a reinforcer
  2. they make the behaviour that produces that reinforcer more/less likely to occur at that time
44
Q

what’s an abolishing operation? (AO)

examples?

A

a motivating operation (MO) that makes a reinforcer LESS potent (it abolishes or decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer)

  • satiation
  • having just eaten a large meal is an AO that makes food LESS reinforcing at that time and makes the bhvr of getting food LESS likely to occur
45
Q

what are two effects of an EO? AO?

A

EO:
1. makes a reinforcer MORE potent
2. makes a behaviour that produces the reinforcer MORE likely

AO:
1. less
2. less

46
Q

a CRF schedule is used for acquisition and an intermittent schedule is used for maintenance. describe what this means

A

crf for aquisition:
- used when a person is learning a behaviour

intermittent for maintenance:
- used for an acquired behaviour to ensure they keep doing it

47
Q

are interval or ratio schedules more likely to be used in teaching or training programs?

A

FI rarely used in training programs because responses drop after the reinforcement is given

FR or VR are more commonly used because they produce higher and steadier rates of responding

48
Q

what are concurrent schedules of reinforcement

A

all the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a person’s behaviours at one time

49
Q

what 4 factors influence which response option a person will choose at any point in time

A
  1. schedule of reinforcement
  2. magnitude of reinforcement
  3. immediacy of reinforcement
  4. response effort
50
Q

what is the matching law

A

a mathematical model of choice in concurrent operants that predicts that a response that produces a greater rate of reinforcement will occur more often than a response that produces a lower rate

51
Q

what is a multiple schedule of reinforcement?

example?

A

an example of a combined schedule of reinforcement

two basic schedules occur sequentially and each is associated with a different SD

eg. “question time” vs “quiet time” in classroom
question time: teacher provides help when students ask
- crf
quiet time: teacher no longer provides help when they ask
- extinction is in effect

52
Q

what is behavioural contrast?

A

something that may occur when a multiple schedule of reinforcement exists

change in reinforcement schedule changes not only the rate of responding in that component but also changes the rate of responding in the opposite direction in the other component

eg: Class A started using extinction for a problem behaviour but class B did not.
behaviour is likely to decrease in A but also increases in B (even though the schedule of reinforcement did not change in B)

psyc (12 decks)

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