ch 13 - FBA Flashcards
you conduct a(n) __________ to identify the antecedents and consequences of a pbx
functional assessment
what are the four broad classes of functions (or reinforcing consequences) of problem bx’s
- social positive reinforcement
- attention, praise - social negative reinforcement
- another person terminates an aversive interaction, task or activity - automatic positive reinforcement
- bx produces positive reinforcement automatically
- sensory stimulation - automatic negative reinforcement
- bx produces negative reinforcement automatically
- closing window to stop smoke from coming in
- binge eating can reduce unpleasant emotional responses
indirect assessment, direct observation, and functional analysis are 3 ___________ methods
functional assessment
another name for experimental analysis is:
functional analysis
what are 2 ways you can conduct an indirect functional assessment?
interviews and questionnaires
which functional assessment method involves asking others for information?
indirect
before conducting which functional assessment method might you first use a scatter plot
direct
which functional assessment method demonstrates a functional relationship between the antecedents/consequences and the pbx
functional analysis
what are three direct observation methods for conducting a functional assessment?
- descriptive method
- observer writes a brief description of the bx and of each antecedent and consequent event each time the bx occurs
- this method is open-ended. so it may be used before indirect methods are used and hypotheses are developed about the function of the bx - checklist method
- checklist of possible As, Bs, and Cs
- checklist typically developed after indirect assessment or observation - interval (real-time) recording method
- not covered on test
in a functional analysis, you manipulate __________ and/or ____________- to determine their effect on the bx
antecedents and consequences
a functional assessment is conducted to identify the ________ and __________ of a pbx
As and Cs
when a bx produces a reinforcing consequence automatically, the bx is said to be maintained by ______________ reinforcement
automatic positive
when another person terminates an aversive interaction, task, or activity after the occurrence of a bx, the bx is said to be maintained by ___________ reinforcement
social negative
identify the three methods for conducting a functional assessment
indirect methods
- gather info
- interviews, questionnaires, rating scales
direct observation methods
- observe behaviour
- determine As and Cs
- find correlations
experimental methods
- functional analysis
- cause and effect
if you have a checklist of possible antecedents and consequences of a pbx, and you check off each antecedent and consequence as the problem occurs, what functional assessment method are you using?
checklist method
if you ask the parents of a child with autism to describe the events that occur before and after SIB, what functional assessment method are you using?
interview (indirect)
the descriptive method, checklist method, and interval method are three ways to conduct
direct observation
a person has a rash that itches. if the person scratches it to relieve the itching, the scratching is maintained by ___________ reinforcement
automatic negative
if a person tells outrageous stories bc his friends give him substantial attn when he tells the stories, telling outrageous stories is maintained by ______________ reinforcement
social positive
_______________ is the process of gathering info on the antecedents and consequences that are functionally related to the occurrence of the pbx
functional assessment
when a bx automatically reduces or eliminates an aversive stimulus, we say the bx is maintained by ____________ reinforcement
automatic negative
which functional assessment method involves the use of interviews and questionnaires
indirect
which functional assessment method involves observation of the antecedents and consequences as the pbx occurs?
direct observation
which functional assessment method can be conducted descriptively or with a checklist?
checklist method
which functional assessment method involves manipulation of possible As and/or Cs of the pbx?
functional analysis
if nancy has a headache, the pain is lessened if the close the blinds and make the room darker. the bx of closing the blinds when they have a headache is maintained by __________ reinforcement
automatic negative
if nancy has a headache, the pain is lessened if the close the blinds and make the room darker. the bx of asking their boyfriend to close the blinds when they have a headache is maintained by __________ reinforcement
social negative
what two functional assessment methods do not demonstrate a functional relationship between the As/Cs and the pbx
indirect and direct observation
what is the main purpose of a functional assessment?
finding info about why a person is emits a problem behaviour
- what is the function?
behavioural model
- acquisition and maintenance of behaviour
(3)
- deterministic; lawful
- 3-term contingency (A->B->C)
- influenced by antecedents & consequences
function of bx’s - identify Cs
- bx acquired & maintained by ___________
- reinforcers for bx (esp pbx) can be _________ or ________
- pbx acquired & maintained ____________ (unknowingly)
- bx acquired & maintained by reinforcers
- reinforcers for bx (esp pbx) can be subtle or unclear
- pbx acquired & maintained unsystematically (unknowingly)
function of bx’s - identify As
S^D
EO
possible outcomes of bypassing fba:
- ___________ & __________ interventions (arbitrary)
- _________ outcomes (unknowingly ________ pbx)
- _________ technologies
○
○
○ ___________-based
- inefficient & ineffective interventions (arbitrary)
- harmful outcomes (unknowingly reinforce pbx)
- default technologies
○ intrusive
○ coercive
○ punishment-based
importance of fba
- identify _______________________; ie, function
- inform interventions that are likely to be:
○
○ ________________-based
- identify maintaining reinforcer; ie, function
- inform interventions that are likely to be:
○ effective
○ reinforcement-based
- inform interventions that are likely to be:
understanding problem behaviour
- why is the ____________ occurring?
○ what ____________ events evoke the bx?
○ what ___________________ maintain it?
- why is the problem bx occurring?
○ what antecedent events evoke the bx?
○ what reinforcing consequences maintain it?
understanding problem behaviour
- fba (umbrella term for all bx assessment)
○ process of gathering info about ______
○ identify ______ variables responsible for maintaining bx
○ _________ relationship (A-B-C)
- fba (umbrella term for all bx assessment)
○ process of gathering info about As & Cs
○ identify A & C variables responsible for maintaining bx
○ functional relationship (A-B-C)
categories of information to collect
-A___________ (SDs & MOs)
○ ______ (mediated by another person)
○ _________ via physical environment
-B_______
○ problem bx -> objective description; measurement
○ existing _______ behaviours?
-C_____________
○ ________ and/or _________
○ _________ or ________ reinforcement
○ what is maintaining the ________?
- Antecedents (SDs & MOs)
○ social (mediated by another person)
○ automatic via physical environment (all other stimuli/events)- Behaviour
○ problem bx -> objective description; measurement
○ existing alternative behaviours? - Consequences
○ social and/or automatic
○ positive or negative reinforcement
○ what is maintaining the problem bx?
- Behaviour
what are some advantages and disadvantages to direct observation?
advantages:
- real-time abc, objective, quantitative
- naturally-occurring events: nonintrusive to routine, inform subsequent FA
disadvantages:
- time consuming: length of assessment, training
- no functional relationship
- false +s and -s
eg. adults typically respond to pbx. this may falsely show attn function
eg. bx may be independent of S^R (intermittent)
Exploratory Functional Analysis Conditions (4)
attention (test)
escape (test)
no interaction (test)
play (control)
Attention Condition
○ test for ____________ function ( ______ S^R+)
○ antecedents (low ________)
○ consequences for pbx:
○ test for attention function (social S^R+)
○ antecedents (low attention)
- toys/items (lower preferred) available
- adult pretends to be busy on other side of room
- no demands given
○ consequences for pbx
- comment of concern & brief touch
- eg. “don’t hurt yourself” (if SIB)
Escape Condition
- test for ________ function ( _______ S^R-)
- antecedents (_________)
- consequences for pbx:
- test for escape function (social Escape Condition
- test for escape function (social S^R-)
- antecedents (demands)
- difficult demands given
- 3-step prompting (verbal, gestural, physical)
- consequences for pbx
- remove materials
- turn away 30s
No Interaction Condition
- test for non-social function (_________ S^R)
- antecedents (_______/________)
- consequences pbx:
- test for non-social function (automatic S^R)
- antecedents (austere/alone)
- no toys or other stimuli available
- no adult (alone) or “busy” adult (ignore)
- consequences pbx
- no programmed consequences
Play Condition
- control for ____ test conditions
- enriched environment
- _____ probability of pbx
- antecedents:
- consequences for pbx:
- control for all test conditions
- enriched environment
- low probability of pbx
- antecedents:
- stimuli/toys available
-§ social attention provided every 30s - no demands
- stimuli/toys available
- consequences for pbx:
- no consequences (pbx ignored
an FA CANT test for which type of reinforcement?
automatic negative?
conducting a functional assessment (6)
- behavioural interview
- develop a hypothesis about the ABCs of behaviour
- conduct a direct observation assessment
- confirm initial hypothesis
- conduct further assessment if needed
- conduct a functional analysis if needed
- sometimes you don’t need to go through all the steps. you can confirm hypothesis with treatment
categories of info from a functional assessment: (7)
problem behaviours
- objective description of the bx’s that make up the problem
antecedents
- environmental events preceding the pbx including the physical environment and the bx of other ppl
consequences
- environmental events that follow the pbx including…
alt behaviours
- info on desirable bx’s in the persons repertoire that may be reinforced to compete with the pbx
motivational variables
- info on environmental events that may function as MOs
potential reinforcers
- info on environmental events that may function as reinforcers
previous interventions
social positive reinforcement:
when a ___________ consequence is delivered _____________ after the ___, and as a result, the bx is ___________
positively reinforcing
by another person after the target behaviour
strengthened
social negative reinforcement:
when __________ terminates _____________ after the occurrence of ___, and as a result, the bx is ___________
another person
terminates an aversive stimulus
after the target behaviour
strengthened
automatic positive reinforcement
when the bx produces a _____________ consequence ___________, and as a result, the bx is ________
positively reinforcing consequence automatically
strengthened
automatic negative reinforcement
when the __ __________ reduces or eliminates a(n) ____________, and as a result, the bx is ____________
Tx automatically
aversive stimulus
strengthened
in a test condition you:
present a(n) _____ for a possible reinforcer and then _______ the possible reinforcer following the _____
EO
present
pbx
in a control condition you:
present a(n) _____ for the same reinforcer and _____ the reinforcer when the _____ occurs
AO
withhold
pbx
is a scatter plot an ABC observation?
why or why not
no
As and Cs are not observed
- scatter plot helps you determine when pbx occurs
- its an interval recording method
functional interventions
- address _______ maintaining __; identified in ___
address As and Cs maintaining bx; identified in FBA
- typically include
○ EXT (ch 14)
○ differential S^R (ch 15);
○ antecedent manipulations (ch 16)
what does FBA stand for
functional behavioural assessment
what are some advantages and disadvantages to indirect methods in functional assessment
advantages:
- quick, easy
- get initial info
- description of pbx. of As and Cs
- hypothesis
disadvantages:
- no direct observation
- highly subjective. biases
- no demonstration of function
- embarrassment may keep ppl from telling the truth
