ch 13 - FBA

Question 1

you conduct a(n) __________ to identify the antecedents and consequences of a pbx

Answer 1

functional assessment

Question 2

what are the four broad classes of functions (or reinforcing consequences) of problem bx’s

Answer 2

1. social positive reinforcement
   - attention, praise
2. social negative reinforcement
   - another person terminates an aversive interaction, task or activity
3. automatic positive reinforcement
   - bx produces positive reinforcement automatically
   - sensory stimulation
4. automatic negative reinforcement
   - bx produces negative reinforcement automatically
   - closing window to stop smoke from coming in
   - binge eating can reduce unpleasant emotional responses

Question 3

indirect assessment, direct observation, and functional analysis are 3 ___________ methods

Answer 3

functional assessment

Question 4

another name for experimental analysis is:

Answer 4

functional analysis

Question 5

what are 2 ways you can conduct an indirect functional assessment?

Answer 5

interviews and questionnaires

Question 6

which functional assessment method involves asking others for information?

Answer 6

indirect

Question 7

before conducting which functional assessment method might you first use a scatter plot

Answer 7

direct

Question 8

which functional assessment method demonstrates a functional relationship between the antecedents/consequences and the pbx

Answer 8

functional analysis

Question 9

what are three direct observation methods for conducting a functional assessment?

Answer 9

1. descriptive method
   - observer writes a brief description of the bx and of each antecedent and consequent event each time the bx occurs
   - this method is open-ended. so it may be used before indirect methods are used and hypotheses are developed about the function of the bx
2. checklist method
   - checklist of possible As, Bs, and Cs
   - checklist typically developed after indirect assessment or observation
3. interval (real-time) recording method
   - not covered on test

Question 10

in a functional analysis, you manipulate __________ and/or ____________- to determine their effect on the bx

Answer 10

antecedents and consequences

Question 11

a functional assessment is conducted to identify the ________ and __________ of a pbx

Answer 11

As and Cs

Question 12

when a bx produces a reinforcing consequence automatically, the bx is said to be maintained by ______________ reinforcement

Answer 12

automatic positive

Question 13

when another person terminates an aversive interaction, task, or activity after the occurrence of a bx, the bx is said to be maintained by ___________ reinforcement

Answer 13

social negative

Question 14

identify the three methods for conducting a functional assessment

Answer 14

indirect methods
- gather info
- interviews, questionnaires, rating scales

direct observation methods
- observe behaviour
- determine As and Cs
- find correlations

experimental methods
- functional analysis
- cause and effect

Question 15

if you have a checklist of possible antecedents and consequences of a pbx, and you check off each antecedent and consequence as the problem occurs, what functional assessment method are you using?

Answer 15

checklist method

Question 16

if you ask the parents of a child with autism to describe the events that occur before and after SIB, what functional assessment method are you using?

Answer 16

interview (indirect)

Question 17

the descriptive method, checklist method, and interval method are three ways to conduct

Answer 17

direct observation

Question 18

a person has a rash that itches. if the person scratches it to relieve the itching, the scratching is maintained by ___________ reinforcement

Answer 18

automatic negative

Question 19

if a person tells outrageous stories bc his friends give him substantial attn when he tells the stories, telling outrageous stories is maintained by ______________ reinforcement

Answer 19

social positive

Question 20

_______________ is the process of gathering info on the antecedents and consequences that are functionally related to the occurrence of the pbx

Answer 20

functional assessment

Question 21

when a bx automatically reduces or eliminates an aversive stimulus, we say the bx is maintained by ____________ reinforcement

Answer 21

automatic negative

Question 22

which functional assessment method involves the use of interviews and questionnaires

Answer 22

indirect

Question 23

which functional assessment method involves observation of the antecedents and consequences as the pbx occurs?

Answer 23

direct observation

Question 24

which functional assessment method can be conducted descriptively or with a checklist?

Answer 24

checklist method

Question 25

which functional assessment method involves manipulation of possible As and/or Cs of the pbx?

Answer 25

functional analysis

Question 26

if nancy has a headache, the pain is lessened if the close the blinds and make the room darker. the bx of closing the blinds when they have a headache is maintained by __________ reinforcement

Answer 26

automatic negative

Question 27

if nancy has a headache, the pain is lessened if the close the blinds and make the room darker. the bx of asking their boyfriend to close the blinds when they have a headache is maintained by __________ reinforcement

Answer 27

social negative

Question 28

what two functional assessment methods do not demonstrate a functional relationship between the As/Cs and the pbx

Answer 28

indirect and direct observation

Question 29

what is the main purpose of a functional assessment?

Answer 29

finding info about why a person is emits a problem behaviour - what is the function?

Question 30

behavioural model - acquisition and maintenance of behaviour (3)

Answer 30

- deterministic; lawful - 3-term contingency (A->B->C) - influenced by antecedents & consequences

Question 31

function of bx's - identify Cs - bx acquired & maintained by ___________ - reinforcers for bx (esp pbx) can be _________ or ________ - pbx acquired & maintained ____________ (unknowingly)

Answer 31

- bx acquired & maintained by reinforcers - reinforcers for bx (esp pbx) can be subtle or unclear - pbx acquired & maintained unsystematically (unknowingly)

Question 32

function of bx's - identify As

Answer 32

S^D EO

Question 33

possible outcomes of bypassing fba: - ___________ & __________ interventions (arbitrary) - _________ outcomes (unknowingly ________ pbx) - _________ technologies ○ ○ ○ ___________-based

Answer 33

- inefficient & ineffective interventions (arbitrary) - harmful outcomes (unknowingly reinforce pbx) - default technologies ○ intrusive ○ coercive ○ punishment-based

Question 34

importance of fba - identify _______________________; ie, function - inform interventions that are likely to be: ○ ○ ________________-based

Answer 34

- identify maintaining reinforcer; ie, function - inform interventions that are likely to be: ○ effective ○ reinforcement-based

Question 35

understanding problem behaviour - why is the ____________ occurring? ○ what ____________ events evoke the bx? ○ what ___________________ maintain it?

Answer 35

- why is the problem bx occurring? ○ what antecedent events evoke the bx? ○ what reinforcing consequences maintain it?

Question 36

understanding problem behaviour - fba (umbrella term for all bx assessment) ○ process of gathering info about ______ ○ identify ______ variables responsible for maintaining bx ○ _________ relationship (A-B-C)

Answer 36

- fba (umbrella term for all bx assessment) ○ process of gathering info about As & Cs ○ identify A & C variables responsible for maintaining bx ○ functional relationship (A-B-C)

Question 37

categories of information to collect -A___________ (SDs & MOs) ○ ______ (mediated by another person) ○ _________ via physical environment -B_______ ○ problem bx -> objective description; measurement ○ existing _______ behaviours? -C_____________ ○ ________ and/or _________ ○ _________ or ________ reinforcement ○ what is maintaining the ________?

Answer 37

- Antecedents (SDs & MOs) ○ social (mediated by another person) ○ automatic via physical environment (all other stimuli/events) - Behaviour ○ problem bx -> objective description; measurement ○ existing alternative behaviours? - Consequences ○ social and/or automatic ○ positive or negative reinforcement ○ what is maintaining the problem bx?

Question 38

what are some advantages and disadvantages to direct observation?

Answer 38

advantages: - real-time abc, objective, quantitative - naturally-occurring events: nonintrusive to routine, inform subsequent FA disadvantages: - time consuming: length of assessment, training - no functional relationship - false +s and -s eg. adults typically respond to pbx. this may falsely show attn function eg. bx may be independent of S^R (intermittent)

Question 39

Exploratory Functional Analysis Conditions (4)

Answer 39

attention (test) escape (test) no interaction (test) play (control)

Question 40

Attention Condition ○ test for ____________ function ( ______ S^R+) ○ antecedents (low ________) ○ consequences for pbx:

Answer 40

○ test for attention function (social S^R+) ○ antecedents (low attention) - toys/items (lower preferred) available - adult pretends to be busy on other side of room - no demands given ○ consequences for pbx - comment of concern & brief touch - eg. "don’t hurt yourself" (if SIB)

Question 41

Escape Condition - test for ________ function ( _______ S^R-) - antecedents (_________) - consequences for pbx:

Answer 41

- test for escape function (social Escape Condition - test for escape function (social S^R-) - antecedents (demands) - difficult demands given - 3-step prompting (verbal, gestural, physical) - consequences for pbx - remove materials - turn away 30s

Question 42

No Interaction Condition - test for non-social function (_________ S^R) - antecedents (_______/________) - consequences pbx:

Answer 42

- test for non-social function (automatic S^R) - antecedents (austere/alone) - no toys or other stimuli available - no adult (alone) or "busy" adult (ignore) - consequences pbx - no programmed consequences

Question 43

Play Condition - control for ____ test conditions - enriched environment - _____ probability of pbx - antecedents: - consequences for pbx:

Answer 43

- control for all test conditions - enriched environment - low probability of pbx - antecedents: - stimuli/toys available -§ social attention provided every 30s - no demands - consequences for pbx: - no consequences (pbx ignored

Question 44

an FA CANT test for which type of reinforcement?

Answer 44

automatic negative?

Question 45

conducting a functional assessment (6)

Answer 45

1. behavioural interview 2. develop a hypothesis about the ABCs of behaviour 3. conduct a direct observation assessment 4. confirm initial hypothesis 5. conduct further assessment if needed 6. conduct a functional analysis if needed - sometimes you don’t need to go through all the steps. you can confirm hypothesis with treatment

Question 46

categories of info from a functional assessment: (7)

Answer 46

problem behaviours - objective description of the bx's that make up the problem antecedents - environmental events preceding the pbx including the physical environment and the bx of other ppl consequences - environmental events that follow the pbx including... alt behaviours - info on desirable bx's in the persons repertoire that may be reinforced to compete with the pbx motivational variables - info on environmental events that may function as MOs potential reinforcers - info on environmental events that may function as reinforcers previous interventions

Question 47

social positive reinforcement: when a ___________ consequence is delivered _____________ after the ___, and as a result, the bx is ___________

Answer 47

positively reinforcing by another person after the target behaviour strengthened

Question 48

social negative reinforcement: when __________ terminates _____________ after the occurrence of ___, and as a result, the bx is ___________

Answer 48

another person terminates an aversive stimulus after the target behaviour strengthened

Question 49

automatic positive reinforcement when the bx produces a _____________ consequence ___________, and as a result, the bx is ________

Answer 49

positively reinforcing consequence automatically strengthened

Question 50

automatic negative reinforcement when the __ __________ reduces or eliminates a(n) ____________, and as a result, the bx is ____________

Answer 50

Tx automatically aversive stimulus strengthened

Question 51

in a test condition you: present a(n) _____ for a possible reinforcer and then _______ the possible reinforcer following the _____

Answer 51

EO present pbx

Question 52

in a control condition you: present a(n) _____ for the same reinforcer and _____ the reinforcer when the _____ occurs

Answer 52

AO withhold pbx

Question 53

is a scatter plot an ABC observation? why or why not

Answer 53

no As and Cs are not observed - scatter plot helps you determine when pbx occurs - its an interval recording method

Question 54

functional interventions - address _______ maintaining __; identified in ___

Answer 54

address As and Cs maintaining bx; identified in FBA - typically include ○ EXT (ch 14) ○ differential S^R (ch 15); ○ antecedent manipulations (ch 16)

Question 55

what does FBA stand for

Answer 55

functional behavioural assessment

Question 56

what are some advantages and disadvantages to indirect methods in functional assessment

Answer 56

advantages: - quick, easy - get initial info - description of pbx. of As and Cs - hypothesis disadvantages: - no direct observation - highly subjective. biases - no demonstration of function - embarrassment may keep ppl from telling the truth