ch 11 - chaining Flashcards
a behavioural chain is also known as a…
stimulus response chain
a behavioural chain is…
many behaviours together in a sequence
result of each s-r component is S^D for next response
a task analysis is…
a breakdown of a complex behaviour into s-r components
a complex bx consisting of mulitple component bx’s that occur together in sequence is called a(n)…
behavioural chain
another name for a bx chain is a(n)…
stimulus-response chain
in a bx chain, each response creates the ______________ for the next response in the chain
discriminative stimulus (S^D)
the process of breaking a bx chain down into its individual s-r components is called a(n)
task analysis
in backward chaining, you teach the _____________ s-r component in the chain first
last
in forward chaining, you teach the _______________ s-r component in the chain first
first
what 2 procedures are used to teach each s-r component in forward and backward chaining procedures?
prompting and fading
in the _________ procedure, you prompt the learner to engage in the entire chain of bx from start to finish in each trial
total task presentation
the ________ procedure involves hand-over-hand guidance and shadowing to get the learner to engage in the correct bx
graduated guidance
in the _________ procedure, pictures of each step in the task analysis are used to guide the learner’s bx
picture prompts
a bx chain is a complex bx consisting of a number of _________ and ___________ components occurring in sequence
stimulus and response
another name for a s-r chain is a
behavioural chain
in a bx chain, each ___________ creates the S^D for the next response
behaviour or response
during forward or backward chaining, praise is given after each response in a bx chain. as a result, the outcome of each response becomes a(n)…
discriminative stimulus (S^D)
3 ways to conduct a task analysis are:
- observe a competent person engage in the task
- ask an expert (a person who performs the task well)
- perform the task yourself and record each of the component S^Ds and responses
in the _______ chaining procedure, you complete the last step in the chain on each learning trial
backward
in graduated guidance, you use physical guidance; once the learner starts to engage in the correct bx, you begin ______________ the learner’s hand
shadowing
the ____________ procedure involves giving the learner a list of the steps involved in the chain of bx’s to help the learner engage in the chain of bx’s
written task analysis
what is an example of a written task analysis?
- assembly instructions (not ikea)
- recipes
ahmed’s job is to stuff envelopes with 4 different coloured brochures in the correct order for an advertising company.
you teach ahmed to recite the steps involved in his job (“red, yellow, blue, and green”) and his is able to do the job correctly.
what procedure was used to get ahmed to correctly engage in a chain of behaviours?
self-instructions
- learner gives themselves verbal prompots or instructions to engage in the correct sequence of bx’s in the chain
ahmed’s job is to stuff envelopes with 4 different coloured brochures in the correct order for an advertising company.
you put four pictures up on the wall in front of ahmed showing the correct order. as a result, he is able to do the job correctly.
what procedure was used to get ahmed to correctly engage in a chain of behaviours?
picture prompts
a task analysis breaks the bx chain down into its individual ___________ and ___________ components
stimulus and response
graduated guidance is typically used to prompt the correct response when using __________ to teach a chain of behaviours
total task presentation
Shanice’s job is to put handles on gizmos in a factory. She sits in front of a conveyor belt with a box of handles on a table beside her. Each time a gizmo comes to her on the belt, she picks up a handle from the box on the table, puts the handle on the metal rod on the gizmo, and twists the handle once to tighten it. based on this description complete the following task analysis:
the first S^D:
the first response:
the second:
the third:
first S^D: gizmo on conveyor belt in front of shanice with a box of handles on the table
first response: shanice picks up a handle from the box
2nd S^D: handle is in her hand
2nd response: she puts the handle on the metal rod
3rd S^D: handle is on gizmo
3rd response: she twists the handle once to tighten it
what is a stimulus response chain? provide two examples
a complex behaviour consisting of multiple component behaviours that occur together in sequence
- brushing your teeth
- loading the dishwasher
- eating cereal
- pouring a glass of water
what is a task analysis?
why is it important to conduct one?
task analysis is breaking down a complex behaviour into its individual stimulus and response components
its important if you want to teach a complex behaviour
behavioural chain eg: washing hands
SD1: tap on sink R1: SD2: R2: put soap on hands SD3: R3: SD4: lathered soap R4: SD5: R5: turn off tap SD6: R6: dry hands what's the reinforcer?
SD1: tap on sink
R1: turn on tap
SD2: running water
R2: put soap on hands
SD3: soap on hands
R3: rub hands
SD4: lathered soap
R4: rinse hands
SD5: hands clean
R5: turn off tap
SD6: tap off
R6: dry hands
reinforcer: clean hands
what is unique about backward chaining
the learner completes the chain on every learning trial and receives the reinforcement for completing the chain
when is total task presentation used?
- for less complex chains and higher-ability learners
- also, consider the teacher’s ability level. ttp is more difficult to implement
what are 4 other strategies to teach chains?
written-task analysis
- written descriptions of each step serve as prompts
- instructions, recipes
picture prompts
- use pictures of each step as prompts
- ikea instructions
video modelling
- use video of the task as prompts
- youtube videos
self-instructions
- give yourself verbal prompts to engage in each component bx of a bx chain
- saying the instructions to self
- eg. bedmas
using chaining procedures (6 steps)
- determine if chaining is appropriate
- can you just tell them?
- is it just motivational issues or is there a skill deficit - develop a task analysis
- get a baseline of the learner’s ability
- single opportunity method- test entire bx chain
- multiple opportunity method - test individual components of chain
- test entire bx chain
- select chaining method
- forward, backward, ttp, written task analysis, picture prompts, video modelling, self-instructions - implement chaining procedure
- collect data - continue reinforcement after task is learned
- at least intermittently
- helps maintain behaviour
explain the single-opportunity and multiple-opportunity method when assessing a learner’s ability of a behavioural chain
single: learner performs entire task
- record which components they can do without assistance
multiple: learner performs each individual component of the behavioural chain
- record
how are forward and backward chaining and ttp similar
- all used to teach complex tasks or chains of behaviour
- a task analysis must be completed before training
- prompting and fading are used in all 3
how are forward and backward chaining and ttp different?
ttp: learner is prompted through the entire task in each learning trial
in the other two: the trainer teaches one component of the chain at a time and then chains the components together
differences between forward and backward chaining?
forward teaches first component first, backward teaches last component first
backward: learner completes the chain in every learning trial and receives the natural reinforcer in every learning trial
forward: artificial reinforcers are used until the last component of the chain is taught
similarities between forward and backward chaining
both are used to teach a chain of bx’s
task analysis must be conducted for both
both teach one component at a time and chain them together
both use prompting and fading to teach each component
