ch 11 - chaining

Question 1

a behavioural chain is also known as a…

Answer 1

stimulus response chain

Question 2

a behavioural chain is…

Answer 2

many behaviours together in a sequence

result of each s-r component is S^D for next response

Question 3

a task analysis is…

Answer 3

a breakdown of a complex behaviour into s-r components

Question 4

a complex bx consisting of mulitple component bx’s that occur together in sequence is called a(n)…

Answer 4

behavioural chain

Question 5

another name for a bx chain is a(n)…

Answer 5

stimulus-response chain

Question 6

in a bx chain, each response creates the ______________ for the next response in the chain

Answer 6

discriminative stimulus (S^D)

Question 7

the process of breaking a bx chain down into its individual s-r components is called a(n)

Answer 7

task analysis

Question 8

in backward chaining, you teach the _____________ s-r component in the chain first

Answer 8

last

Question 9

in forward chaining, you teach the _______________ s-r component in the chain first

Answer 9

first

Question 10

what 2 procedures are used to teach each s-r component in forward and backward chaining procedures?

Answer 10

prompting and fading

Question 11

in the _________ procedure, you prompt the learner to engage in the entire chain of bx from start to finish in each trial

Answer 11

total task presentation

Question 12

the ________ procedure involves hand-over-hand guidance and shadowing to get the learner to engage in the correct bx

Answer 12

graduated guidance

Question 13

in the _________ procedure, pictures of each step in the task analysis are used to guide the learner’s bx

Answer 13

picture prompts

Question 14

a bx chain is a complex bx consisting of a number of _________ and ___________ components occurring in sequence

Answer 14

stimulus and response

Question 15

another name for a s-r chain is a

Answer 15

behavioural chain

Question 16

in a bx chain, each ___________ creates the S^D for the next response

Answer 16

behaviour or response

Question 17

during forward or backward chaining, praise is given after each response in a bx chain. as a result, the outcome of each response becomes a(n)…

Answer 17

discriminative stimulus (S^D)

Question 18

3 ways to conduct a task analysis are:

Answer 18

1. observe a competent person engage in the task
2. ask an expert (a person who performs the task well)
3. perform the task yourself and record each of the component S^Ds and responses

Question 19

in the _______ chaining procedure, you complete the last step in the chain on each learning trial

Answer 19

backward

Question 20

in graduated guidance, you use physical guidance; once the learner starts to engage in the correct bx, you begin ______________ the learner’s hand

Answer 20

shadowing

Question 21

the ____________ procedure involves giving the learner a list of the steps involved in the chain of bx’s to help the learner engage in the chain of bx’s

Answer 21

written task analysis

Question 22

what is an example of a written task analysis?

Answer 22

• assembly instructions (not ikea)
• recipes

Question 23

ahmed’s job is to stuff envelopes with 4 different coloured brochures in the correct order for an advertising company.

you teach ahmed to recite the steps involved in his job (“red, yellow, blue, and green”) and his is able to do the job correctly.

what procedure was used to get ahmed to correctly engage in a chain of behaviours?

Answer 23

self-instructions

• learner gives themselves verbal prompots or instructions to engage in the correct sequence of bx’s in the chain

Question 24

ahmed’s job is to stuff envelopes with 4 different coloured brochures in the correct order for an advertising company.

you put four pictures up on the wall in front of ahmed showing the correct order. as a result, he is able to do the job correctly.

what procedure was used to get ahmed to correctly engage in a chain of behaviours?

Answer 24

picture prompts

Question 25

a task analysis breaks the bx chain down into its individual ___________ and ___________ components

Answer 25

stimulus and response

Question 26

graduated guidance is typically used to prompt the correct response when using __________ to teach a chain of behaviours

Answer 26

total task presentation

Question 27

Shanice's job is to put handles on gizmos in a factory. She sits in front of a conveyor belt with a box of handles on a table beside her. Each time a gizmo comes to her on the belt, she picks up a handle from the box on the table, puts the handle on the metal rod on the gizmo, and twists the handle once to tighten it. based on this description complete the following task analysis: the first S^D: the first response: the second: the third:

Answer 27

first S^D: gizmo on conveyor belt in front of shanice with a box of handles on the table first response: shanice picks up a handle from the box 2nd S^D: handle is in her hand 2nd response: she puts the handle on the metal rod 3rd S^D: handle is on gizmo 3rd response: she twists the handle once to tighten it

Question 28

what is a stimulus response chain? provide two examples

Answer 28

a complex behaviour consisting of multiple component behaviours that occur together in sequence - brushing your teeth - loading the dishwasher - eating cereal - pouring a glass of water

Question 29

what is a task analysis? why is it important to conduct one?

Answer 29

task analysis is breaking down a complex behaviour into its individual stimulus and response components its important if you want to teach a complex behaviour

Question 30

behavioural chain eg: washing hands SD1: tap on sink R1: SD2: R2: put soap on hands SD3: R3: SD4: lathered soap R4: SD5: R5: turn off tap SD6: R6: dry hands what's the reinforcer?

Answer 30

SD1: tap on sink R1: turn on tap SD2: running water R2: put soap on hands SD3: soap on hands R3: rub hands SD4: lathered soap R4: rinse hands SD5: hands clean R5: turn off tap SD6: tap off R6: dry hands reinforcer: clean hands

Question 31

what is unique about backward chaining

Answer 31

the learner completes the chain on every learning trial and receives the reinforcement for completing the chain

Question 32

when is total task presentation used?

Answer 32

- for less complex chains and higher-ability learners - also, consider the teacher's ability level. ttp is more difficult to implement

Question 33

what are 4 other strategies to teach chains?

Answer 33

written-task analysis - written descriptions of each step serve as prompts - instructions, recipes picture prompts - use pictures of each step as prompts - ikea instructions video modelling - use video of the task as prompts - youtube videos self-instructions - give yourself verbal prompts to engage in each component bx of a bx chain - saying the instructions to self - eg. bedmas

Question 34

using chaining procedures (6 steps)

Answer 34

1. determine if chaining is appropriate - can you just tell them? - is it just motivational issues or is there a skill deficit 2. develop a task analysis 3. get a baseline of the learner's ability - single opportunity method - test entire bx chain - multiple opportunity method - test individual components of chain 4. select chaining method - forward, backward, ttp, written task analysis, picture prompts, video modelling, self-instructions 5. implement chaining procedure - collect data 6. continue reinforcement after task is learned - at least intermittently - helps maintain behaviour

Question 35

explain the single-opportunity and multiple-opportunity method when assessing a learner's ability of a behavioural chain

Answer 35

single: learner performs entire task - record which components they can do without assistance multiple: learner performs each individual component of the behavioural chain - record

Question 36

how are forward and backward chaining and ttp similar

Answer 36

- all used to teach complex tasks or chains of behaviour - a task analysis must be completed before training - prompting and fading are used in all 3

Question 37

how are forward and backward chaining and ttp different?

Answer 37

ttp: learner is prompted through the entire task in each learning trial in the other two: the trainer teaches one component of the chain at a time and then chains the components together

Question 38

differences between forward and backward chaining?

Answer 38

forward teaches first component first, backward teaches last component first backward: learner completes the chain in every learning trial and receives the natural reinforcer in every learning trial forward: artificial reinforcers are used until the last component of the chain is taught

Question 39

similarities between forward and backward chaining

Answer 39

both are used to teach a chain of bx's task analysis must be conducted for both both teach one component at a time and chain them together both use prompting and fading to teach each component