chapter 3 - graphing

Question 1

what are the components of a graph?

Answer 1

1. y and x axis
2. labels for y and x-axis
3. numbers on the y and x-axis
4. data points
5. phase line
   - change in treatment
6. phase labels
   eg. baseline, treatment

Question 2

what is the purpose of research designs?

Answer 2

• did treatment (iv) change target behaviour (dv) ?
• rule out extraneous variables
• find functional relationship

Question 3

what 3 things are required for a functional relationship to exist

Answer 3

1. behaviour CHANGES when treatment is INTRODUCED
2. and ONLY when treatment is introduced
3. demonstration of change is REPLICATED

Question 4

What are some research designs

Answer 4

AB
ABAB
multiple baseline
- across participants, behaviours, settings
alternating treatments
changing criterion

Question 5

what is AB design

Answer 5

one baseline and one treatment phase
A = baseline
B = treatment
- not a true research design (why?)
- does Not demonstrate a function relationship (why?)

Question 6

where is AB design used. what are some benefits

Answer 6

in clinical practice, self-management projects
- more efficient and practical
- can be more ethical than ABAB at times

Question 7

what is ABAB reversal design

Answer 7

2 or more phases of baseline and treatment
- demonstrates functional relationship b/c there is replication
- many variations (ABCAC)

Question 8

what are some considerations when using ABAB design

Answer 8

ethical to remove treatment?

is it even possible to reverse?
- eg acquistion

Question 9

which of the research designs is not a true research design and why

Answer 9

AB because there is no replication. no functional relationship is demonstrated

Question 10

what are multiple baseline designs

Answer 10

across-subjects A and B are replicated for the same target behaviour of two or more subjects

across-behaviours
across- settings

treatment is staggered (phases are dif lengths)

Question 11

when is a functional relationship shown in multiple baseline designs

Answer 11

• bhvr changes only after intervention begins
• replication across baseline types

Question 12

what are some types of multiple baseline designs

Answer 12

across subjects/participants
across behaviours
across settings

Question 13

what is alternating treatments design

Answer 13

compare across two or more conditions
- baseline and treatment(s) conditions
- multiple treatment conditions
- conditions alternated rapidly

Question 14

how is a functional relationship demonstrated in alternating treatments design

Answer 14

by differentiation
- data are separated between the conditions

Question 15

what is changing criterion design

Answer 15

• baseline and multiple treatment phases
• different performance criterion (goals) for each phase

eg. the amount of cigs someone can have decreases each phase

Question 16

how is a functional relationship shown in changing criterion design

Answer 16

behaviour meets criterion only when introduced

changes with each criterion introduction (replication of effect)

Question 17

in a graph
the y axis shows:
the x axis shows

Answer 17

the level of behaviour
the units of time

Question 18

in a(n) ________________ research design, there is a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and in the treatment phase, there are different criterion levels for the behaviour

Answer 18

changing criterion research design

Question 19

when a researcher shows that a behaviour modification procedure causes a target behaviour to change, the researcher is demonstrating a(n) ________________ between the procedure and the target behaviour

Answer 19

functional relationship

Question 20

in a multiple-baseline-across-subjects research design, when treatment is implemented at different points in time for the different subjects, we say that treatment is __________ over time

Answer 20

staggered

Question 21

in a(n) ______________ research design, baseline and treatment conditions (or 2 treatment conditions) are conducted in rapid succession and compared

Answer 21

alternating treatments

Question 22

you are recording a child’s behaviour of saying please and thank you. after 1 week of baseline you use reinforcement to increase the behaviour of saying “please”. after 2 weeks of baseline, you use reinforcement to increase the behaviour of saying “thank you”.

what research design is this?

Answer 22

multiple-baseline-across-behaviours research design

Question 23

why are graphs used in behaviour modification to evaluate behaviour change?

Answer 23

efficient way to view the occurrence of a behaviour

used to identify level of behaviour before and after treatment

Question 24

what two variables are illustrated in a behaviour modification graph?

Answer 24

when the behaviour was recorded (time)
- x

level of the behaviour at that time
- y

Question 25

what is a phase?

Answer 25

a period in which the same treatment (or lack of treatment) is in effect

Question 26

why are data points not connected across phase lines?

Answer 26

allows you to identify differences in the level of the behaviour in different phases more easily

the focus is within the phases

Question 27

what will you label the y-axes of an interval recording graph

Answer 27

percentage of intervals of [behaviour]

Question 28

what is an extraneous variable? how does abab design help rule them out

Answer 28

a variable that might be effecting the change in behaviour. abab replication will greatly reduce the chance that an extraneous variable is the cause of the change of behaviour

Question 29

how do you determine the effectiveness of an alternating-treatments design?

Answer 29

if the data points of one condition are consistently lower than the other condition

Question 30

how do you determine the effectiveness of an changing criteria research design?

Answer 30

determined by whether the subjects behaviour changes to meet the changing performance criteria