chapter 3 - graphing Flashcards
what are the components of a graph?
- y and x axis
- labels for y and x-axis
- numbers on the y and x-axis
- data points
- phase line
- change in treatment - phase labels
eg. baseline, treatment
what is the purpose of research designs?
- did treatment (iv) change target behaviour (dv) ?
- rule out extraneous variables
- find functional relationship
what 3 things are required for a functional relationship to exist
- behaviour CHANGES when treatment is INTRODUCED
- and ONLY when treatment is introduced
- demonstration of change is REPLICATED
What are some research designs
AB
ABAB
multiple baseline
- across participants, behaviours, settings
alternating treatments
changing criterion
what is AB design
one baseline and one treatment phase
A = baseline
B = treatment
- not a true research design (why?)
- does Not demonstrate a function relationship (why?)
where is AB design used. what are some benefits
in clinical practice, self-management projects
- more efficient and practical
- can be more ethical than ABAB at times
what is ABAB reversal design
2 or more phases of baseline and treatment
- demonstrates functional relationship b/c there is replication
- many variations (ABCAC)
what are some considerations when using ABAB design
ethical to remove treatment?
is it even possible to reverse?
- eg acquistion
which of the research designs is not a true research design and why
AB because there is no replication. no functional relationship is demonstrated
what are multiple baseline designs
across-subjects A and B are replicated for the same target behaviour of two or more subjects
across-behaviours
across- settings
treatment is staggered (phases are dif lengths)
when is a functional relationship shown in multiple baseline designs
- bhvr changes only after intervention begins
- replication across baseline types
what are some types of multiple baseline designs
across subjects/participants
across behaviours
across settings
what is alternating treatments design
compare across two or more conditions
- baseline and treatment(s) conditions
- multiple treatment conditions
- conditions alternated rapidly
how is a functional relationship demonstrated in alternating treatments design
by differentiation
- data are separated between the conditions
what is changing criterion design
- baseline and multiple treatment phases
- different performance criterion (goals) for each phase
eg. the amount of cigs someone can have decreases each phase
how is a functional relationship shown in changing criterion design
behaviour meets criterion only when introduced
changes with each criterion introduction (replication of effect)
in a graph
the y axis shows:
the x axis shows
the level of behaviour
the units of time
in a(n) ________________ research design, there is a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and in the treatment phase, there are different criterion levels for the behaviour
changing criterion research design
when a researcher shows that a behaviour modification procedure causes a target behaviour to change, the researcher is demonstrating a(n) ________________ between the procedure and the target behaviour
functional relationship
in a multiple-baseline-across-subjects research design, when treatment is implemented at different points in time for the different subjects, we say that treatment is __________ over time
staggered
in a(n) ______________ research design, baseline and treatment conditions (or 2 treatment conditions) are conducted in rapid succession and compared
alternating treatments
you are recording a child’s behaviour of saying please and thank you. after 1 week of baseline you use reinforcement to increase the behaviour of saying “please”. after 2 weeks of baseline, you use reinforcement to increase the behaviour of saying “thank you”.
what research design is this?
multiple-baseline-across-behaviours research design
why are graphs used in behaviour modification to evaluate behaviour change?
efficient way to view the occurrence of a behaviour
used to identify level of behaviour before and after treatment
what two variables are illustrated in a behaviour modification graph?
when the behaviour was recorded (time)
- x
level of the behaviour at that time
- y
what is a phase?
a period in which the same treatment (or lack of treatment) is in effect
why are data points not connected across phase lines?
allows you to identify differences in the level of the behaviour in different phases more easily
the focus is within the phases
what will you label the y-axes of an interval recording graph
percentage of intervals of [behaviour]
what is an extraneous variable? how does abab design help rule them out
a variable that might be effecting the change in behaviour. abab replication will greatly reduce the chance that an extraneous variable is the cause of the change of behaviour
how do you determine the effectiveness of an alternating-treatments design?
if the data points of one condition are consistently lower than the other condition
how do you determine the effectiveness of an changing criteria research design?
determined by whether the subjects behaviour changes to meet the changing performance criteria
