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Clinical Psych > chapter 9: schizophrenia > Flashcards

chapter 9: schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychosis

A
  • loss of connect with reality
  • characterized by symptoms like hallucinations and delusions
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2
Q

What was schizophrenia known as before (in the late 19th century)

A
  • dementia praecox
  • bc patients shows similar cog and behavioural decline as dementia patients
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3
Q

heterogenity (schizophrenia)

A
  • the variability and diversity of clin and bio features of schizophrenia
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4
Q

what are the two symptom categories for schizophrenia

A
  • basic: ex. disorganized communication, motivational impairments, mood disturbances, and withdrawal from the world.
  • accessory/positive symptoms: delusions and hallucinations
  • first rank symptoms: no longer considered core for diagnostic criteria, ex hearing voices conversing or commenting on what the person was doing, belief that other can hear your thoughts, or thoughts were controlled by someone
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5
Q

t or f: schizophrenia is seen as a black and white diagnosis, you have it or you dont

A

false, it is a spectrum

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6
Q

In modern diagnoses (DSM5) what are the criterion for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

A
  • A: symptoms/features that define the disorder (and core symptoms)
  • B: probs with work/social function
  • C: cont. disturbance, at least 6 months + one month of active symptoms
  • D: exclusion of schizoaffective/mood disorders during active phase of schizophrenia symptoms
  • E: disturbances not caused by substance use/medical condition
  • F: consider past of autism/communication disorder as a contributor
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7
Q

5 core symptoms of schizophrenia (modern, DSM5, Criterion A)

A
  • delusions (A1)
  • hallucinations (A2)
  • disorganized speech (A3)
  • disorganized/catatonic behaviour (A4)
  • negative symptoms (A5)
  • at least 2/5 must be present for at least 1 month for diagnosis
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8
Q

negative symptoms (schizophrenia)

A
  • features that comprise behavioural deficits, ex lack of motivation, emotional expression, or interest in environment
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9
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A
  • like schizophrenia but with addition of a mood episode occurring at the same time
  • the overlap must be followed by 2 weeks of delusions/hallucinations without mood symptoms
  • two types: bipolar type (includes mania) and depressive type (includes major depressive episodes)
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10
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A
  • same diagnosis criteria as schizophrenia, but only lasts 1-6 months
  • very present symptoms
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11
Q

t or f: schizophrenia diagnosis are often given after 1-2 weeks

A

false, usually after 6 months to ensure it is not schizophreniform disorder

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12
Q

delusional disorder

A
  • experiencing delusions for at least one month w/out other psychotic symptoms
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13
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A
  • postive symptoms of schizophrenia (A1-A4) are present for more than one day but stop by one month
  • between 1-6 months=schiziphreniform disorder
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14
Q

when is the difference between schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophrenia

A
  • schizophrenia=more than 6 months
  • schizophreniform=between 1-6 months
  • brief psychotic disorder=less than 1 month
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15
Q

what is the following describing: positive symptoms of schizophrenia occur due to inhalation or withdrawal from a drug, toxin or medication.

a) Induced psychotic disorder
b) substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder
c) there is no disorder, it is just a drug side affect
d) schizo-induced disorder

A

b)

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16
Q

how is substance/medication induced psychotic disorder distinguished from other psychotic disorders

A
  • temporal relationship between substance withdrawal/use and onset/remission of psychotic symptoms (eg drug entering or leaving causes symptoms)
17
Q

What is an example of what may cause Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition

A
  • epilepsy or other conditions that are capable of producing psychotic symptoms
18
Q

When there is not enough info to make a schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis but there are present psychosis symptoms, the person is diagnosed with ___________

A
  • other specified schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorder
  • unspecified schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorder
19
Q

positive schizophrenia symptoms (and examples)

A
  • obvious signs of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (what ppl think of when they hear psychosis)
  • refer to addition of experience that is excess of normal functioning
  • ex. Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking
20
Q

Hallucinations (schizophrenia)

A
  • abnormal perceptual experiences that occur without stimuli
  • can be any sensory modality (ex auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory)
21
Q

what is the most common type of hallucination

A

auditory

22
Q

clear sensorium

A

clear mental state not clouded by substance use, fatigue, or neurological condition

23
Q

hypnogogic and hypnopompic hallucinations

A
  • hypnogogic: while someone is falling asleep
  • hypnopompic: while someone is waking up
24
Q

delusions definition and types of delusions

A
  • fixed false beliefs that are unfounded and highly resistant to contradictions/evidence
  • grandiose: belief that one possesses special powers/abilities/knowledge (ex religious delusions)
  • persecutory/paranoid: belief that smth is conspiring against/spying on/persecuting them (most common)
  • somatic: belief that one’s body is changing
  • referential: belief that common events/objects/ppl are personally relevant/significant
25
Q

Bizarre vs non-bizarre delusions

A

bizarre: impossible to occur (ex aliens impanting chip in humans), reflect loss of control over mind/body
non-bizarre: highly unlikely but can occur

26
Q

define loosening of association, tangentiality, and perseveration (in relation to schizophrenia)

A
  • loosening of association: when speech switches topic to topic with little connection between
  • tangentiality: response is completely unrelated to topic discussed
  • perseveration: fixation on specific word, repetition
27
Q

Negative schizophrenia symptoms define

A
  • deficit in psychological functioning
  • can be experimental (decrease in enjoyment/motivation) or expressive (impared ability to interact w social world
28
Q

the 5 A’s of negative schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • Avolition/apathy: lack of motivation/interest
  • anhedonia: diminished capacity to anticipate/experience pleasurable emotions
  • Asociality: lack of interest in social interactions
  • alogia: poor speech
  • affective flattening: lack of emotional expression/lessened facial expression
29
Q

abnormal motor behaviour examples

A
  • catatonia: decrease in reactivity to environment, ppl are unaware of the world around them
  • waxy flexibility: maintaining physical positions people put them in
30
Q

________ symptoms are different from positive/negative symptoms and often persist even after psychosis symptoms are treated

A

cognitive

31
Q

t or f: there is a single gene that causes schizophrenia

A

false, it is polygenic (many genes influence a persons risk of development)

32
Q

neurodevelopmental model (schizophrenia)

A
  • schizophrenia is the end product of atypical neurodevelopment processes that begin before onset of symptoms
  • ex developmental delays, disruptions during pregnancy
33
Q

bio factors of developing schizophrenia

A
  • dopamine hypothesis: 1 results from abnormally high amount of dopamine in the brain 2 high dopamine in subcortical regions, low in cortical
  • can be detected through imaging
  • enlarged ventricles, fluid filled spaces in the brain, reduced grey matter
34
Q

most common structural brain factor that neurobiologically shows schizophrenia

A

reduced grey matter

35
Q

psychological factors of schizophrenia

A
  • impaired neurocognitive and social cognitive function
  • struggle with TOM
  • cognitive biases (jump to conclusions, misattribution of sensory input)
  • social factors (trauma, migration, low intelligence, drug abuse, urban upbringing)
36
Q

four stages of schizophrenia

A
  • premorbid: start in childhood, mild impairments
  • prodromal: early adolescence, comorbid mood and anxiety symptoms, poitive symptoms, and difficulty functioning
  • psychotic: FEP (first episode psychosis), onset of disease, early adulthood
  • stable: severe, treatment resistant, persistence of negative and cognitive symptoms
37
Q

treatment options for schizophrenia

A
  • antipsychotic meds: typical (chlorpromazine, reduce dopamine) and atypical (decrease dopamine and increase serotonin, clozapine)
  • psychosocial treatment
  • CBTp (targets positive symptoms)
  • Cognitive remediation (attention, memory and problem solving)
  • family therapy
  • skills training

Clinical Psych (16 decks)

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